Morphometric analysis of tsunami boulders on the island of Formentera, Balearic island
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17735/cyg.v31i3-4.58166Keywords:
Balearic Islands, Formentera, tsunamis, rocky coast, bouldersAbstract
86 boulders of large size, located on two areas of the island of Formentera and the islets of s'Espardell and s'Espalmador are characterized morphometrically. These boulders are located on vertical cliffs corresponding to calcareous platforms of the Miocene and Quaternary. The analyzed areas present different clusters of blocks: both individually deposited and in imbricated ridges and all are associated to a defined source area from where these blocks were uprooted. The blocks have an average weight of 9.93 Mg, and are located at a medium distance from the cliff edge of 54.3 m. The orientation of the blocks presents an average of 190º, coinciding with the simulation of the trajectories and their refractions of the tsunamis generated in the N of Africa. The hydrodynamic values required for starting and displace of these blocks have been calculated under different assumptions: submerged blocks, blocks delimited by joints and subaerial blocks, obtaining the columns of water necessary for their displacement. The size of the blocks, their arrangement, and their distance from the cliff edge, orientation and the values of the columns of water (run-up) necessaries for their displacement allow us to identify these blocks as sediments associated with tsunamis coming from the N of Algeria.
Downloads
References
Alasset, J. P., Hebert, H., Maouche, S., Calbini, V. y Meghraoui, M. (2006): The tsunami induced by the 2003 Zemmouri earthquake (Mw p 6.9 Algeria): modelling and results. Geophysical Journal International 166: 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.02912.x
Álvarez-Gómez, J. A., Aniel-Quiroga, I., González, M., y Otero, L. (2011): Tsunami hazard at the Western Mediterranean Spanish coast from seismic sources. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 11: 227-240. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-11-227-2011
Álvarez-Gómez, J. A., Olabarrieta, M., González, M., Otero, L., Carreño, E. I Martínez-Solares, J. M. (2010): The impact of tsunamis on the Island of Majorca induced by North Algerian seismic sources. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 19: 367-383. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-0812-7
Barbano, M. S., Pirrotta, C. y Gerardi, F. (2010): Large boulders along the south-eastern Ionian coast of Sicily: Storm or tsunami deposits? Marine Geology 275, 140-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2010.05.005
Bertotti, L. y Cavaleri, L. (2008): Analysis of the Voyager storm. Ocean Engineering, Vol. 35 (1): 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2007.05.008
Biolchi, S., Furlani, S., Antonioli, F., Baldassini, N., Causon Deguara, J., Devoto, S., di Stefano, A., Evans, J., Gambin, T., Gauci, R., Mastronuzzi, G., Monaco, C. y Scicchitano, G. (2015): Boulder accumulations related to extreme wave events on the eastern coast of Malta. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 3: 5977-6019 https://doi.org/10.5194/nhessd-3-5977-2015
Brébion, P., Chevalier, J.P., Colom, G., Lecointre, G. y Rangheard, Y. (1968): Sur le Tortonien de Formentera et d’Ibiza. C. R. somm. Soc. Géol. Fr., 5: 152-153.
Browne, A. (2011): Coarse coastal deposits as palaeo-environmental archives for storms and tsunamis, PhD thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW. 277 pp.
Cañellas, B. (2010): Long-term extreme wave height events in the Balearic Sea: characterization, variability and prediction. Tesis doctoral, Universitat de les Illes Balears 71 pp.
Cañellas, B., Orfila, A., Méndez, F. J., Menéndez, M. y Tintoré, J. (2007): Application of a POT model to estimate the extreme significant wave height levels around the Balearic Sea (Western Mediterranean). Journal of Coastal Research SI, 50: 329-333.
Ciavola, P., Ferreira, O., Haerens, P., van Koningsveld, M., Armaroli, C. y Lequeux, Q. (2011): Storm impacts along European coastlines. Part 1: the join effort of the MICORE and ConHaz Projects. Environmental Science & Policy, 14: 912-923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2011.05.011
Dalal, N. y Torab, M. (2013): Large boulders deposits on the coast of Ras El Hekma, NW coast, Egypt. Storm or tsunami?. The 2nd International Symposium on Kaz Mountains and Edremit, 2-4 May, 2013, Edremit-Balikesir-Turkey.
Dawson, A. G., Stewart, I., Morton, R. A., Richmond, B. M., Jaffe, B. E. y Gelfenbaum, G. 2008. Reply to Comments by Kelletat (2008) comments to Dawson A.G. and Stewart I. (2007): tsunami deposits in the geological record. Sedimentary Geology, 211: 92-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2008.09.004
Durand-Delga, M. y Rangheard, Y. (2013): Structure de l’île d’Eivissa (Ibiza) et sa place dans le cadre baléare. Boll. Soc. Hist. Nat. Balears, 56: 25-50.
Engel, M. y May, S. M. (2012): Bonaire’s boulder fields revisited: Evidence for Holocene tsunami impact on the Lee-ward Antilles. Quaternary Science Reviews, 54: 126-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.12.011
Etienne, S. y Paris, R. (2010): Boulder accumulations related to storms on the south coast of the Reykjanes Peninsula (Iceland). Geomorphology 114: 55-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.02.008
Fontseré, E. (1918): Notas sueltas de sismología Balear. Publicaciones de la Sección de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad de Barcelona, 5-12.
Giménez, J., Gelabert B. y Sàbat, F. (2007): El relieve de las islas Baleares. Enseñanza de las Ciencias de la Tierra, 2007 (15.2) 175-184.
Goff, J., Dudley, W. C., Demaintenon, M. J., Cain, G. y Coney, J. P. (2006): The largest local tsunami in 20th century Hawaii. Marine Geology, 226: 65-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2005.09.017
Gómez-Pujol, Ll. (2006): Patrons, taxes i formes d’erosió a les costes rocoses carbonatades de Mallorca. Tesi doctoral inèdita. Departament de Ciències de la Terra, Universitat de les Illes Balears. 200 pp.
Goto, K., Miyagi, K., Kawana, T., Takahashi, J. y Imamura, F. (2011): Emplacement and movement of boulders by known storm waves — field evidence from the Okinawa Islands, Japan. Marine Geology 283: 66-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2010.09.007
Goto, K., Okada, K. y Imamura, F. (2009): Characteristics and hydrodynamics of boulders transported by storm waves at Kudaka Island, Japan. Marine Geology 262: 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.03.001
Iglesias, O. (2015): Generación y propagación de tsunamis en el mar catalano-balear. Tesi Doctoral. Universidad de Barcelona. Inèdita, 247 pp.
Imamura, F., Goto, K. y Ohkubo, S. (2008): A numerical model for the transport of a boulder by tsunami. Journal of Geophysical Research, 113-7: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JC004170
IRPA-KIK (2014): Institut Royal du Patrimoni Artistique – Koninklijk Instituut Voor Het Kumstpatrimonium RICH-21442
Kelletat, D., Scheffers, A. y Scheffers, S. (2005): Tsunami-eine unterschätzte Naturgefahr? - Geowissenschaftliche Mitteilungen: 5-13.
Lastras, G., Canals, M., Amblas, D., Frigola, J., Urgeles, R., Calafat, A. M. y Acosta, J. (2007): Slope instability along the northeastern Iberian and Balearic continental margins. Geologica Acta, 5 (1): 35-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1344/105.000000308
Lionello, P. y Sanna, A. (2005): Mediterranean wave climate variability and its links with NAO and Indian Monsoon. Climate Dynamics 25 (6): 611-623. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0025-4
Maouche, S., Morhange, C. y Meghraoui, M. (2009): Large Boulder accumulation on the Algerian coast evidence tsunami events in the western Mediterranean. Marine Geology, 262: 96-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.03.013
Martínez-Solares, J. M. y Mezcua-Rodríguez, J. (2002): Catálogo sísmico de la Península Ibérica (880 a. C.-1990). Dirección General del Instituto Geográfico Nacional, pp. 253.
Mastronuzzi, G. y Pignatelli, C. (2012): The boulder berm of Punta Saguerra (Taranto, Italy): a morphological imprint of the Rossano Calabro tsunami of April 24, 1836?. Earth Planets Space, 64: 829-842. https://doi.org/10.5047/eps.2011.08.018
Mayol, J. (2006). Un gran projecte de postguerra: La repoblació forestal de les dunes de Formentera. Rev. Eivisssa, 44-45: 9-16.
Noormets, R., Crook, K. A. W. y Felton, E. A. (2004.): Sedimentology of rocky shorelines: 3. Hydrodynamics of megaclast emplacement and transport on a shore platform, Oahu, Hawaii. Sedimentary Geology 172: 41-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0037-0738(04)00235-0
Nott, J. (2003): Tsunami or storm waves? Determining the origin of a spectacular field of wave emplaced boulders using numerical storm surge and wave models and hydrodynamic transport equations. Journal of Coastal Research 19: 348-356.
Nozal, F., Montes, M., Díaz de Neira, J. A., Sevillano, A. y Rodríguez-Garcia, A. (2015): Cartografía geomorfológica en el Dominio Público Marítimo-Terrestre. Revista Geo-Temas, Vol 15; 121-124.
Papadopoulos, G. A. (2002): “Tsunamis in the East Mediterranean: A Catalogue for the Area of Greece and Adjacent Seas”. In Proceedings of Joint IOC-IUGG International Workshop on Tsunami Risk Assessment beyond 2000: Theory, Practice and Plans. Moscow, Russia, pp. 34-42.
Paris, R., Wassmer, P., Sartohadi, J., Lavigne, F., Barthomeuf, B., Desgages, E., Grancher, D., Baumert, P., Vautier, F., Brunstein, D. y Gómez, C. (2009): Tsunamis as geomorphic crises: lessons from the December 26, 2004 tsunami in Lhok Nga, West Banda Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia). Geomorphology, 104: 59-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.05.040
Pignatelli, C., Ferilli, S., Capolongo, D., Marsico, A., Milella, M., Pennetta, L., Piscitelli, A. y Mastronuzzi, G. (2010): Morphological evidences and computer science techniques in order to evaluate tsunami inundation limit. Rivista Italiana di Telerilevamento 42: 129-142. https://doi.org/10.5721/ItJRS201042210
Pignatelli, C., Sanso, P. y Mastronuzzi, G. (2009): Evaluation of tsunami flooding using geomorphologic evidence. Marine Geology, 260: 6-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2009.01.002
Rangheard, Y. (1984): The geological history of Eivissa and Formentera, In: H. Kuhbier et al. (Eds). Biogeography and Ecology of the Pityusic Islands. Dr. W. Junk, The Hague: 25-104. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-6539-3_3
Robinson, E., Khan, S., Rowe, D. A. y Coton, R. (2008): Size of boulders moved and emplaced by recent hurricanes, Jamaica. In: Mastronuzzi, G., Pignatelli, P., Sansó, P., Milella, M. y Selleri, G. (Eds.). Abstract volume of the 2nd International Tsunami Field Symposium, Ostuni (Italy) and Ionian Islands (Greece), 22-28 September 2008. GIS Coast Research Publication 6: 135-138.
Roger, J. y Hébert, H. (2008): The 1856 Djiielli (Algeria) earthquake and tsunami source parameters and implications for tsunami hazard in the Balearic Islands. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 8, 721-731. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-721-2008
Roig-Munar, F.X., Rodríguez-Perea, A., Martín-Prieto, J.A., Vilaplana, J.M., Gelabert, B., Pons, G.X. y Mir-Gual, M. (2014): Morfometría de bloques de tsunami en las costas rocosas del sur de Mallorca (I. Baleares). En: Una aproximación multidisciplinar al estudio de las fallas activas, los terremotos y el riesgo sísmico, (Álvarez-Gómez, J. A. y Martín-González, F., Eds.). II Reunión Ibérica sobre fallas activas y paleosismología, Lorca (Murcia, España), 109-102. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4174.0245
Roig-Munar, F.X., Rodríguez-Perea, A., Martín-Prieto, J. A., Vilaplana, J. M. y Gelabert, B. (2015): Morfometría de bloques de tsunami en las costas rocosas del Este de Mallorca (Islas Baleares). Revista Geo-Temas 15: 229-232. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4452.5520
Roig-Munar, F.X. (2016): Blocs de tempesta i tsunami a les costes rocoses de les Illes Balears. Anàlisi geomorfològica i morfomètrica. Tesis doctoral inédita. Departament de Geodinàmica i Geofísica. Universitat de Barcelona. 410 pp.
Roig-Munar, F.X., Martín-Prieto, J.A., Vilaplana, J. M.Rodríguez-Perea, A. y Gelabert, B. (2016a): Presencia de bloques de tsunamis en acantilados de Punta Prima (Formentera). Ed. Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Publisher: Comprendiendo el relieve: del pasado al futuro, Ed: Durán J. J., Montes Santiago M., Robador A. y Salazar Á, 571-578 p
Roig-Munar, F.X., Ródriguez-Perea, A., Martín-Prieto, J.A., Vilaplana, J.M. y Gelabert, B. (2016b): El uso de bloques de tormenta y de tsunami como materia prima en las islas Baleares. Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España, 29(2): 79-88.
Roig-Munar, F.X., Vilaplana, J.M, Rodríguez-Perea, A., Martín-Prieto, J.A. y Gelabert B. (2016c): Indicadores geomorfológicos de tsunamis históricos en las costas rocosas de Baleares. Rev. Geo-Temas 16 (1): 641-644
Roig-Munar, F.X., Vilaplana, J.M, Rodríguez-Perea, A., Martín-Prieto, J.A. y Gelabert B. (2017): Presencia de bloques de tsunami en los acantilados de Punta Gavina (Formentera, Illes Balears). Rev. Geo-Temas 17 (1): 223-226
Sahal, A., Roger, J. y Allgeyer, S. (2009): The tsunami triggered by the 21 May 2003 Boumerdès-Zemmouri (Algeria) earthquake: field investigations on the French Mediterranean coast and tsunami modeling. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 9: 1823-1834. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-9-1823-2009
Scheffers, A. M. y Kinis, S. (2014): Stable imbrication and delicate/unstable settings in coastal boulder deposits: Indicators for tsunami dislocation?. Quaternary International. 332: 73-84 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.03.004
Scheffers, A. y Kelletat, D. (2003): Sedimentologic and geomorphic tsunami imprints worldwide - a review. Earth-Science Review, 63, 83-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-8252(03)00018-7
Scheffers, A. y Scheffers, S. (2006): Documentation of Hurricane Ivan on the Coastline of Bonaire. Journal of Coastal Research, 22: 1437-1450. https://doi.org/10.2112/05-0535.1
Scheffers, A. y Scheffers, S. R. (2007): Tsunami deposits on the coastline of West Crete (Greece). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 259, (3-4): 613-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.041
Servera, J. (1997): Els sistemes dunars litorals de les Illes Balears. Tesi doctoral inèdita. Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca. 2 vol. 908 pp. i atles 138 pp.
Shah-Hosseini, M., Morhange, C., de Marco, A., Wante, J., Anthony, E. J., Sabatier, F., Mastronuzzi, G., Pignatelli, C. y Piscitelli, A. (2013): Coastal boulders in Martigues, French Mediterranean: evidence for extreme storm waves during the Little Ice Age. Zeitschrift fuür Geomorphologie, 57, Suppl. 4: 181-199. https://doi.org/10.1127/0372-8854/2013/S-00132
Silva, P. y Rodríguez Pascua, J. (2014): Catálogo de los efectos geológicos de los terremotos en España. Instituto geológico Minero de España, 358 pp.
Sotillo, M., Ratsimandresy, A., Carretero, J., Bentamy, A., Valero, F. y González-Rouco, F. (2005): A high-resolution 44-year atmospheric hindcast for the mediterranean basin: contribution to the regional improvement of global reanalysis. Climate Dynamics, 25: 219-236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-005-0030-7
Suañez, S., Fichaut, B. y Magne, R. (2009): Cliff-top storm deposits on Banneg Island, Brittany, France: Effects of giant waves in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean. Sedimentary Geology, 220: 12-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.06.004
Switzer, A. D. y Burston, J. M. (2010): Competing mechanisms for boulder deposition on the southeast Australian coast. Geomophology, 114: 42-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.02.009
Trenhaile, A. S. (2005): Modelling the effect of waves, weathering and beach development on shore platform development. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 30: 613-634. https://doi.org/10.1002/esp.1166
Vela, J., Pérez, B., González, M., Otero, L., Olabarrieta, M., Canals, M. y Casamor, J. L. (2010): Tsunami resonance in the Palma de Majorca bay and harbour induced by the 2003 Boumerdes-Zemmouri algerian earthquake (Western Mediterranean). In: Proceedings of 32nd International Conference on Coastal Engineering (ICCE 2010) pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.currents.7
Wang, X. y Liu, P. L. F. (2005): A numerical investigation of Boumerdes-Zemmouri (Algeria) earthquake and tsunami. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, 10, 171-183.
Weiss, R. (2012): The mystery of boulders moved by tsunamis and storms. Marine Geology 295-298: 28-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margeo.2011.12.001
Zhao, X., Chen, Y, Huang, Z., Hu, Z., and Gao, Y, (2017): A numerical study of tsunami wave impact and run-up on coastal cliffs using a CIP-based model. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 17, 641-655. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-641-2017
