The Quaternary Period: The Geological History of the Prehistory
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17735/cyg.v31i3-4.55588Keywords:
Quaternary, Pleistocene, Holocene, Anthropocene, PrehistoryAbstract
Abstract
This work presents a synthesis on the stratigraphy and geochronology of the Quaternary Period after the chronological updating ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS-IUGS) and the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA). We show the more recent (updated) stratigraphic, chronologic and paleoclimatic data regarding to the Iberian Peninsula, as well as the classical approaches and bibliography for these subjects. We offer a general view on the Prehistory in the framework of the more characteristic climatic episodes or events in the environs of the Iberian Peninsula during the upper Pleistocene, Holocene and Anthropocene. This synthesis wants to be a summarized guide of the Quaternary chronology for all those people working in the Quaternary Period without a proper scientific knowledge on the topic.
References
Aguirre, E. (1989). Vertebrados del Pleistoceno continental. En: Mapa del Cuaternario de España Escala 1:1.000.000. (Pérez-González, A., Cabra, P., Martín-Serrano, A., Eds.). Instituto Tecnológico Geominero de Madrid, ITGE, Madrid, pp. 47-69.
Aguirre E. (2002). Human Fossils (The Quaternary). En: Geology of Spain (W. Gibbons, T. Moreno, Eds.). Geol. Soc. London, London UK. pp. 358 -366.
Aguirre, E.; Pasini, G. (1985). The Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary. Episodes, 8, 116-120.
Altuna, J. (2002). Los animales representados en el arte rupestre de la Península Ibérica. Frecuencias de los mismos. Munibe (Antropologia-Arkeologia), 54, 21-33.
Álvarez Alonso, D. (2008). La cronología del tránsito Magdaleniense/Aziliense en la región cantábrica. Complutum, 19 (1), 67-78.
Álvarez-Marrón, J.; Hetzel, R.; Niedermann, S.; Menéndez, R.; Marquínez, J. (2008). Origin, structure and exposure history of a wave-cut platform more than 1 Ma in age at the coast of Northern Spain: a multiple cosmogenic nuclide approach. Geomorphology, 93, 316–334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.03.005
Álvarez Sanchís, J.R.; Hernándo, A. (2010). Apuntes de Prehistoria. UCM, Madrid, 24 pp.
Baena, R.; Fernández, J.J.; Guerrero, I. (2005). Secuencia paleomagnética y paleolítica del cuaternario del bajo Guadalquivir: Actualización y nuevos resultados. En: Cuaternario Mediterráneo y Poblamiento de homínidos (J. Rodríguez-Vidal et al., Eds.). Actas VI Reunión de Cuaternario Ibérico. AEQUA, Gibraltar Musseum. pp 35 - 37.
Baena, J.; Carrión, E.; Cuartero, F.; Fluck H. (2012). A chronicle of crisis: The Late Mousterian in north Iberia (Cueva del Esquilleu, Cantabria, Spain). Quaternary International, 247, 199 -211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.031
Baena, J.; Ortiz, I.; Torres, C.; Bárez, S. (2015). Recycling in abundance: re-use and recycling processes in the lower and middle paleolithic contexts of the central Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International, 361, 142-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.07.007
Bardají, T.; Goy, J.L.; Zazo, C. (2000). El Límite Plio-Pleistoceno en España: un debate todavía abierto. Cuaternario y Geomorfología, 14 (1-2), 77-92.
Bardají, T.; Goy, J.L.; Zazo, C.; Hillaire-Marcel, C.; Dabrio, C.J.; Cabero, A.; Ghaleb, B.; Silva, P.G.; Lario, J. (2009). Sea-level and climate changes during the OIS 5 in the western Mediterranean (Spain). Geomorphology, 104, 22 - 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.05.027
Bardají, T.; Zazo, C.; Lario, J.; Goy, J.L.; Cabero, A.; Dabrio, C.J.; Silva, P.G. (2011). Las Dunas costeras del Presente y último Interglaciar en Málaga, Almería y Murcia. En: Las Dunas en España (E. Sanjaume; F.J. Gracía, Eds.). SEG, Madrid, pp.331-357.
Bartoli, G.; Sarnthein, M.; Weinelt, M.; Erlenkeuser, H.; Garbe-Schönberg, D.Y.; Lea, D. (2005). Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciations. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 237, 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.020
Bender, M.L.; Fairbanks, R.G.; Taylor, F.W.; Matthews, R.K.; Goddard, J.G.; Broecker, W.S. (1979). Uranium-series dating of the Pleistocene reef tracts of Barbados, West Indies. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 90 (1), 577-594. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1979)90<577:UDOTPR>2.0.CO;2
Berger, A. (1978). Long-Term variations of caloric insolation resulting from the Earth’s orbital elements. Quaternary Research, 9, 139-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(78)90064-9
Berger, A.; Loutre M.F. (1991). lnsolation values for the climate of the last 10 million of years. Quaternary Sciences Review, 10, 297-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(91)90033-Q
Berger, G.W.; Pérez-González, A.; Carbonell, E.; Arsuaga, J.L.; Bermúdez de Castro, J.M.; Ku, T.L. (2008). Luminescence chronology of cave sediments at the Atapuerca paleoanthropological site, Spain. Journal of Human Evolution, 55, 300 - 311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.02.012
Blain, H. A.; Panera, J.; Uribelarrea, D.; Rubio-Jara, S.; Pérez- González, A. (2012). Characterization of a rapid climate shift at the MIS 8/7 transition in central Spain (Valdocarros II, Madrid) by means of the herpetological assemblages. Quaternary Science Reviews, 47, 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.05.021
Bloom, A. L.; Broecker, W.S.; Chappel, J.M.; Mathews, R.K.; Mesolella, K.J. (1974). Quaternary Sea Level Fluctuations on a Tectonic Coast: New 230Th/234U Dates from the Huon Peninsula, New Guinea. Quaternary Research, 4, 185-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(74)90007-6
Bond, G. (1997). A Pervasive Millennial-Scale Cycle in North Atlantic Holocene and Glacial Climates. Science, 278, 1257-1266. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5341.1257
Bond, G.; Broecker, W.S.; Johnsen, S.J.; McManus, J.; Labeyrie, L.; Jouzel, J.; Bonami, G. (1993). Correlations between Climate Records from North Atlantic Sediments and Greenland Ice. Nature, 365, 143-47. https://doi.org/10.1038/365143a0
Bordes, F. (1961). Typologie du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. Impriméries Delmas, Burdeos (France). 266 pp.
Borja, F.; Zazo, C.; Dabrio, C.J.; Díaz del Olmo, F.; Goy, J.L.; Lario, J. (1999). Holocene eolian phases and human settlements along the Atlantic coast of southern Spain. The Holocene, 93, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1191/095968399668924476
Bridgland, D.R.; Antoine, P.; Limondin-Lozouet, N.; Santisteban, J.I.; Westaway, R.; White, M.J. (2006). The Palaeolithic occupation of Europe as revealed by evidence from the rivers: data from IGCP 449. Journal of Quaternary Science, 21, 437-455. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1042
Broecker, W.S. (2006). Was the Younger Dryas Triggered by a Flood?. Science, 312 (5777), 1146-1148. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1123253
Buchanan, B.; Collard, M.; Edinborough, K. (2008). Paleoindian demography and the extraterrestrial impact hypothesis. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences USA, 105 (33), 11651–4. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0803762105
Bunch, T. E.; Hermes, R.B.; Moore, A.M.T. ; Kennett, D.J.; Weaver, J.C.; Wittke, J.H.; DeCarli, P.S., Bischoff, J.L., Hillman, G.C.; Howard, G. A.; Kimbel, D.R.; Kletetschka, G.; Lipo, C.P.; Sakai, S.; Revay, Z.; West, A.; Firestone, R.B.; Kennett, J.P. (2012). Very high-temperature impact melt products as evidence for cosmic airbursts and impacts 12,900 years ago. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences (PNAS), 109 (28), E1903-E1912. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1204453109
Carrasco, R.M.; Pedraza, J.; Domínguez-Villar, D.; Villa, J.; Willenbring, J.K. (2013). The plateau glacier in the Sierra de Bejar (Iberian Central System) during its maximum extent. Reconstruction and chronology. Geomorphology, 196, 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.03.019
Carrasco, R.M.; Pedraza, J.; Domínguez-Villar, D.; Willenbring, J.; Villa, J. (2015). Sequence and chronology of the Cuerpo de Hombre paleoglacier (Iberian Central System) during the last glacial cycle. Quaternary Science Reviews, 129,163-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.09.021
Cearreta, A. (2015). La definición geológica del Antropoceno según el Anthropocene Working Group (AWG). Enseñanza de las Ciencias de la Tierra, 23, 263-271.
Cearreta, A. (2016). El Antropoceno y los pasos necesarios para su posible formalización tras el 35º Congreso Geológico Internacional (2016). Cuaternario y Geomorfología, 29 (3-4), 5-8.
Clark, G. (1977): World Prehistory in new perspective (3rd Edition). Cambridge University Press. Cambridge (UK). 157 pp.
Clark, P.U.; Archen, D.; Pollard, D.; Blum, J.D.; Rial, J.A.; Brovkin, V.; Mix, A.C.; Pisisas, N.G.; Roy, M. (2006). The mid-Pleistocene transition: characteristic mechanisms and implications for long-term changes in atmospheric pCO2. Quaternary Science Reviews, 25, 3150-3184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2006.07.008
Crutzen, P.J.; Stoermer, E.F. (2000). The Anthropocene. Global Change Newsletter, 41, 17-18.
Cita, M.B. (2008). Summary of Italian marine stages of the Quaternary. Episodes, 31, 251-254.
Cita, M.B.; Pillans, B. (2010). Global stages, regional stages or no stages in the Plio/Pleistocene. Quaternary International, 219, 6–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2009.07.030
Cohen K.M.; Gibbard, P. (2011). Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years v. 2011. Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (International Commission on Stratigraphy), Cambridge, England. Disponible en https://quaternary.stratigraphy.org/charts/
Cortés-Sanchez, M.; Morales-Muñiz, J.; Simón-Vallejo, M.D.; Lozano-Francisco, M.C.; Vera-Peláez, J.L.; Finlayson, C.; Rodríguez-Vidal, J.; Delgado-Huertas, A.; Jiménez-Espejo, F.; Martínez-Ruiz, F.; Martínez-Aguirre, F.; Pascual-Granged, A.J.; Bergadá-Zapata, M.M.; Gibaja-Bao, J.F.; Riquelme-Cantal, J.A.; López-Sáez, J.A.; Rodrigo-Gámiz, M.; Sakai, S., Sugusaki, S.; Finlayson, G.; Fa, D.; Bicho, N.F. (2011). Earliest known use of marine resources by Neanderthals. PLoS ONE, 6(9), e24026. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024026.
Eddy, J. A. (1976). The Maunder Minimum. Science, 192. 1189-1202. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.192.4245.1189
Eddy, J. A. (1983). The Maunder Minimum, a reappraisal. Solar Physics, 889. 195 - 207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00211962
Emiliani, C. (1955). Pleistocene temperatures. Journal of Geology, 63, 538–578. https://doi.org/10.1086/626295
Flor, G.; Flor-Blanco, G. (2006). Morphodynamic processes in the estuarine barrier of Guernica (Northern of Spain): problems and solutions for their management. Journal of Coastal Research, 48, 41–48.
Font Tullot, I. (1988). Historia del Clima en España: Cambios climáticos y sus causas. Instituto Nacional de Meteorología. Madrid. 297 pp.
Fullola, J.M.; Nadal, J. (2005). Introducción a la prehistoria. La evolución de la cultura humana (1ª Ed.). Ed. UOC. Barcelona. 65 pp.
Finlayson, C.; Giles-Pacheco, F.; Rodríguez-Vidal, J.; Fa, D.A.; Gutiérrez-López, J.A.; Santiago, A. et al. (2006). Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe. Nature, 443, 850–853. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05195
García-Díez M.; Saura P (2014). Palaeolithic art in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. World heritage. En: Pleistocene and Holocene hunter-gatherers in Iberia and Gibraltar strait (Sala R., Ed.). Universidad de Burgos y Fundación Atapuerca. Pp. 765. Burgos
García-Ruiz, J.M.; Palacios, D.; González-Sampériz. P.; de Andrés, N.; Moreno, A.; Valero-Garcés, B.; Gómez-Villar, A. (2016). Evidencias de actividad glaciar durante el Dryas Reciente (12,9-11,7 ka BP) en la Península Ibérica. Cuaternario y Geomorfología, 30 (1-2), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.17735/cyg.v30i1-2.39250
Gibbard, P.L.; Head, M.J. (2009). IUGS ratification of the Quaternary system/period and the Pleistocene series/Epoch with a base at 2.58 M.a. Quaternaire, 20 (4), 411- 412. https://doi.org/10.4000/quaternaire.5289
Gibbard, P.; Head, M.J.; Walker, M.; and the International Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy (2011). Formal ratification of the Quaternary System/Period and the Pleistocene Series/Epoch with a base at 2.588 Ma. Journal of Quaternary Science, 25, 96–102. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1338
Gracia, N.; Arsuaga, J.L. (2003). Last Glaciation cold-adapted faunas in the Iberian Peninsula. En: Advances in Mammoth Research (J.W. Reumer, J. De Vos, D. Mol. Eds.). DEINSEA, 9, 159 - 169.
González-Sampériz, P.; Valero-Garcés, B.; Moreno, A.; Jalut, G.; García-Ruiz, J.M.; Martí-Bono, C.; Delgado-Huertas, A.; Navas, A.; Otto, T.; Dedoubat, J.J. (2016). Environmental and climate change in the southern Central Pyrenees since the Last Glacial Maximum: A view from the lake records. Catena, 149, (3), 668-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.041
Goy, J.L.; Zazo, C.; Dabrio, C.J. (2003). A beach-ridge progradation complex reflecting periodical sea-level and climate variability during the Holocene (Gulf of Almería,Western Mediterranean). Geomorphology, 50, 251–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00217-9
Grootes, P.M.; Stuiver, M.; White, J.W.C.; Johnsen, S.; Jouzel, J. (1993). Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores. Nature, 366, 552 - 554. https://doi.org/10.1038/366552a0
Gutiérrez, F.; Harvey, A.; García-Ruiz, J.M.; Silva, P.G.; Cendrero, A. (2013). Geomorphological research in Spain. Geomorphology, 196, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.12.014
Harmand, S.; Lewis, J.E.; Feibel, C.S.; Lepre, C.J.; Prat, S.; Lenoble, A.; Boës, X.; Quinn, R.; Bernet, M.; Arroyo, A.; Taylor, N.; Mortlocl, R.A.; Wright, J.D.; Lokorodi, S.; Kirwa, C.; Kent, D.V.; Roche, H. (2015). 3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya. Nature, 521, 310–315. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14464
Hays, J.D.; Imbrie, J.; Shackleton, N.J. (1976). Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages. Science, 194 (issue 4270), 1121-1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.194.4270.1121
Hearty, P.J.; Hollin, J.T.; Neuman, A.C.; O’Leary, M.J.; McCulloch, M. (2007). Global sea-level fluctuations during the Last Interglaciation (MIS 5e). Quaternary Science Reviews, 26, 2090 -2112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.06.019
Heinrich, H. (1988). Origin and Consequences of Cyclic Ice Rafting in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean during the Past 130,000 Years. Quaternary Research, 29, 142-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(88)90057-9
Hemming, S. R. (2004). Heinrich events: Massive late Pleistocene detritus layers of the North Atlantic and their global climate imprint. Reviews of Geophysics, 42 (1), RG1003, 67 pp. https://doi.org/10.1029/2003rg000128
Henshilwood, C.S.; d’Errico, F.; Yates, R.; Jacobs, Z.; Tribolo, C.; Duller, G.A.T.; Mercier N.; Sealy, J.C.; Valladas, H.; Watts, I.; Wintle, A.G. (2002). Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science, 295,1278–1280. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1067575
Hillaire-Marcel, C.; Gariépy, C.; Ghaleb, B.; Goy, J.L.; Zazo, C.; Cuerda, J. (1996). U-series measurements in Thyrrenian deposits from Mallorca: Further evidence for two last-interglacial high sea-levels in the Balearic Islands. Quaternary Science Reviews, 15, 53 - 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-3791(95)00079-8
Jordá Pardo, F.J. (1995). El Cuaternario: Definición, Límite inferior y divisiones. Zephyrus, 47, 53-74
Lario, J.; Bardají, T. (2016). Tsunamis. En: Introducción a los Riesgos Geológicos (J. Lario, T. Bardají, Coords.). Colección Grado, UNED, Madrid. pp 227 -244.
Lisiecki, L.E.; Raymo, M.E. (2005). A Plio-Pleistocene Stack of 57 Globally Distributed Benthic δ18O Records. Paleoceanography, 20, PA1003, 17 pp. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001071
Lourens, L.J. (2008). On the Neogene-Quaternary debate. Episodes, 31, 239-242.
Lunt, D. J.; Valdes, P. J.; Haywood, A. M.; Rutt, I. C. (2007). Closure of the Panama Seaway during the Pliocene: implications for climate and Northern Hemisphere glaciations. Climate Dynamics, 30, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0265-6
Maroto, J.; Vaquero, M.; Arrizabalaga, A.; Baena, J.; Baquedano, E.; Jordá, J.; Juliá, R.; Montes-Barquín, R.; Van der Pitch, J.; Rasines, P.; Wood, R. (2012). Current issues in late Middle Palaeolithic chronology: New assessments from Northern Iberia. Quaternary International, 247, 15-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2011.07.007
Martín Serrano, A. (1991). La definición y el encajamiento de la red fluvial actual sobre el Macizo Hepérico en el marco de su geodinámica Alpina. Revista Sociedad Geológica de España, 4, 337-351.
Maslin, M.; Seidov, D.; Lowe, J. (2001). Synthesis of the nature and causes of rapid climate transitions during the Quaternary. Geophysical Monograph Series, 126, 9–52. https://doi.org/10.1029/gm126p0009
Menéndez-Fernández, M.; Fernández-Fernández, A.; Maillo, A.; Más, M.; Mingo, A.; Panera, J.; Quesada, J.M.; Rubio-Jara, S. (2006). Prehistoria y Protohistoria de la Península Ibérica: Tomo I. UNED, Madrid, España. 573 pp.
Menéndez-Fernández, M. (Coord.). (2013). Prehistoria reciente de la Península Ibérica. UNED, Madrid, España. 636 pp.
Ogg, J.G.; Ogg, G.B.; Gradstein, F.M. (2016). A Concise Geologic Time Scale 2016 (1st Edition). Elsevier, Rotterdam, 240 pp.
Olson, S.L.; Hearty, P.J. (2009). A sustained +21 m sea-level highstand during MIS 11 (400 ka): direct fossil and sedimentary evidence from Bermuda. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28 (3–4), 271–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.11.001
Pagés-Valcarlos, J.L. (2000). Origen y evolución geomorfológica de las rías atlánticas de Galicia. Revista de la Sociedad Geológica de España, 13, 393–403.
Palomo, A.; Piqué, R.; Terradas, X.; Bosch, A.; Buxó, R.; Chinchilla, J.; Saña, M.; Tarrús, J. (2014). Prehistoric occupation of Banyoles lakeshore: results of recent excavations at la Draga site, Girona, Spain. Journal of Wetland Archaeology, 14 (1), 58-73. https://doi.org/10.1179/1473297114Z.00000000010
Panera, J.; Rubio-Jara, S.; Yravedra, J.; Hugues-Alexandre, B.; Sesé, C.; Pérez-González, A. (2014). Manzanares Valley (Madrid, Spain): a good country for Proboscideans and Neanderthals. Quaternary International, 326-327, 329-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2013.09.009
Pérez-González, A.; Gallardo-Millán, J.L.; Uribelarrea del Val, D.; Panera, J.; Rubio-Jara, S. (2013). La inversión Matuyama-Brunhes en la secuencia de terrazas del río Jarama entre Velilla de San Antonio y Altos de la Mejorada, al SE de Madrid (España). Estudios Geológicos 69(1), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.3989/egeol.40862.173
Pérez-Torrado, F.J.; Carracedo, J.C. (2016). Peligros Volcánicos. En: Introducción a los Riesgos Geológicos (J. Lario; T. Bardají, Coords.). Colección Grado, UNED, Madrid. pp 29 -56.
Pinter, N.; Scott, A. C.; Daulton, T. L.; Podoll, A.; Koeberl, C.; Anderson, R. S.; Ishman, S. E. (2011). The Younger Dryas impact hypothesis: A requiem. Earth Science Reviews, 106 (3–4). 247-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.02.005
Rice, P.; Moloney, M. (2005). Biological Anthropology and Prehistory: Exploring Our Human Ancestry. Pearson. Boston, USA. 205 pp.
Renault-Miskovsky, J, (1986). L'environnement au temps de la Préhistoire. Ed. Masson, París, 183 pp.
Reyes, A.V.; Carlson, A.E.; Beard, B.L.; Hatfield, R.G.; Stoner, J.S.; Winsor, K.; Welke, B.; Ullman, D.J. (2014). South Greenland ice-sheet collapse during Marine Isotope Stage 11. Nature, 510, 525–528. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13456
Rojo, M.; Garrido, R.; García Martínez de Lagrán, I. (2012). El Neolítico en la Península Ibérica y su contexto europeo. Ed. Cátedra. Madrid.
Roucoux, K.H.; Tzedakis, P.C.; de Abreu, L.; Shackelton, N.J. (2006). Climate and vegetation changes 180,000 to 345,000 years ago recorded in a deep-sea core off Portugal. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 249, 307-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2006.07.005
Rodríguez Vidal, J.; Silva, P.G. (1999). El papel de la Geomorfología en la investigación geológica. Cuaternario y Geomorfología, 13 (3-4), 3-5.
Rodríguez-Vidal, J.; Cáceres, L.M.; Finlayson, J.C.; Gracia, F.J.; Martínez-Aguirre, A., (2004). Neotectonics and shoreline history of the Rock of Gibraltar, Southern Iberia. Quaternary Science Reviews, 23, 2017–2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.02.008
Roquero, E.; Silva, P.G.; Zazo, C.; Goy, J.L.; Masana, J. (2015). Soil evolution indices in fluvial terrace chronosequences of Central Spain (Tagus and Duero fluvial basins). Quaternary International, 376, 101-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.036
Rosas, A. (2010). Los Neandertales. Ed. CSIC- La Catarata, Madrid. 135 pp.
Rosas, A. (2016). Los Primeros homininos. Paleontología humana. Ed. CSIC- La Catarata, Madrid. 127 pp.
Rosas, A.; Estalrich, A.; García-Tabernero, A.; Hguet, R.; Lalueza-Fox, C., Ríos, L.; Bastir, M.; Fernández-Cascón, B.; et al. (2016). Investigación paleoantropológica de los fósiles neandertales de El Sidrón (Asturias, España). Cuaternario y Geomorfología, 29 (3-4), 77-94. https://doi.org/10.17735/cyg.v29i3-4.40066
Rubio-Jara, S.; Panera, J.; Rodríguez de Tembleque, J.; Santonja, M.; Pérez-González, A. (2016). Large flake Acheulean in the middle of Tagus basin (Spain): Middle stretch of the river Tagus valley and lower stretches of the rivers Jarama and Manzanares valleys. Quaternary international, 411, 349-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.12.023
Ruddiman, W.F. (2001). Earth’s Climate: past and future. W.H. Freeman & Co. New York, USA. 465 pp.
Sala, R. (2005). Las principales secuencias pliocuaternarias. En: Homínidos: las primeras ocupaciones de los continentes (E. Carbonell, Ed.). Barcelona: Editorial Ariel. pp. 135-160.
Sala R.; Carbonell, E.; Bermúdez de Castro, J.M.; Arsuaga, J.L. (2014). Pleistocene and Holocene hunter-gatherers in Iberia and the Gibraltar Strait: the current archaeological record. Universidad de Burgos -on Fundación Atapuerca. Burgos, España. 765 pp.
Santisteban, J.I.; Mediavilla, R.; Celis, A.; Castaño, S.; De la Losa, A. (2016). Millennial-scale cycles of aridity as a driver of human occupancy in central Spain? Quaternary international, 407, 96-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2016.02.021
Santonja, M.; Pérez-González, A.; Panera, J.; Rubio-Jara, S.; Méndez-Quintas, E. (2016).The coexistence of Acheulean and Ancient Middle Palaeolithictechno complexes in the Middle Pleistocene of the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International, 411 (B), 367-377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.04.056
Shackleton, N. J. (1967). Oxygen isotope analyses and Pleistocene temperatures reassessed. Nature,
, 15–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/215015a0
Shackleton, N. J. (1995). New data on the evolution of Pliocene climatic variability. En: Paleoclimate and Evolution with emphasis on Humans Origins (E. S. Vbra et al., Eds.), Yale University Press, New Haven, EEUU. pp. 242 - 248.
Scham, S. (2008). The World’s First Temple”: Gobbleki Teppe. Archaeology, 61 (6).
Schneider, R.; Bard, E.; Mix, A.C. (2000). Last Ice Age global ocean and land surface temperatures: The EPILOG Initiative. PAGES News, 8, 19-21.
Silva, P.G.; Goy, J.L.; Zazo, C.; Bardají, T. (2003). Fault-generated mountain fronts in southeast Spain: geomorphologic assessment of tectonic and seismic activity. Geomorphology, 50, 203–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00215-5
Silva, P.G.; Zazo, C.; Bardají, T.; Baena, J.; Lario, J.; Rosas, A.; Van der Made, J. (2009). Tabla Cronoestratigráfica del Cuaternario de la Península Ibérica (v.2). En: O futuro do ambiente da Península Ibérica – as liçoes do pasado geológico recente (T. Boski, D. Moura, A. Gomes Eds.). GTPQ - CIMA - Universidade do Algarve. Faro, Portugal. pp. 259 - 263.
Silva, P.G.; Rodríguez-Pascua, M.A. (2016). Peligrosidad y Riesgo Sísmico, Los Terremotos. En: Introducción a los Riesgos Geológicos (J. Lario, T. Bardají, Coords.). Colección Grado, UNED, Madrid. pp 227 -244.
Silva, P.G.; Roquero, E.; López-Recio, M.; Huerta, P.; Martínez-Graña, A.M. (2017). Chronology of fluvial terrace sequences for large Atlantic rivers in the Iberian Peninsula (Upper Tagus and Duero basins, Central Spain). Quaternary Science Reviews, 166, 188-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.05.027
Soil Survey Staff (2014). Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 12th Edition. USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington, DC., USA.
Stringer, C. B.; Finlayson, J. C.; Barton, R. N. E.; Fernández-Jalvo, Y.; Cáceres, L.; Sabin, R. C.; Rhodes, E. J.; Currant, A.P.; Rodríguez-Vidal, J.; Giles Pacheco, F.; Riquelme Cantal, J.A. (2008). Neanderthal exploitation of marine mammals in Gibraltar. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences of USA (PNAS), 105, 14319-14324. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805474105
Toro-Moyano, I.; Martínez-Navarro, B.; Agustí, J.; Bermúdez de Castro, J.M.; Souday, C. (2013). The oldest human fossil in Europe, from Orce (Spain). Journal of Human Evolution, 65(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.01.012
Vallverdú, J.; Saladié, P.; Rosas, A.; Huguet, R.; Cáceres, I.; Mosquera, M.; et al. (2014). Age and Date for Early Arrival of the Acheulian in Europe (Barranc de la Boella, la Canonja, Spain). PLoS ONE, 9(7). e103634. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103634
Vegas, J.; Ruiz-Zapata, B.; Ortiz, J.E.; Galán, L.; Torres, T.; García-Cortés, Á.; Gil-García, M.J.; Pérez-González, A.; Gallardo-Millán, J.L. (2010). Identification of arid phases during the last 50 cal. ka BP from the Fuentillejo maar-lacustrine record (Campo de Calatrava Volcanic Field, Spain). Journal Quaternary Science, 25, 1051–1062. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1262
Walker, M.; Johnsen, S.; Rasmussen, S.O.; Popp, T.; Steffensen, J.-P.; Gibbard, P.; Hoek, W.; Lowe, J.; Andrews, J.; Bjorck, S.; Cwynar, L.C.; Hughen, K.; Kershaw, P.; Kromer, B.; Litt, T.; Lowe, D.J.; Nakagawa, T.; Newnham, R.; Schwander, J. (2009). Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records. Journal of Quaternary Science, 24, 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1227
Wood, R.E.; Barroso-Ruiz, C.; Caparrós, M.; Jordá Pardo, J.F.; Galván Santos, B.; Higham, T.F.G. (2013). Radiocarbon dating casts doubt on the late chronology of the Middle to Upper Palaeolithic transition in southern Iberia. Proceedings National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), USA, 110 (8), 2781–2786. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1207656110
Zalasiewicz, J.; Waters, C.N.; Williams, M.; Barnosky, A.D.; Cearreta, A.; Crutzen, P.; Ellis, E.; Ellis, M.; Fairchild,I.J.; Grinevald, J.; Haff, P.K.; Hajdas, I.; Leinfelder, R.; McNeill, J.; Odada, E.O.; Poirier, C.; Richter, D.; Steffen,W.; Summerhayes, C.; Syvitski, J.P.M.; Vidas, D.; Wagreich, M.; Wing, S.L.; Wolfe, A.P.; Zhisheng, A. (2015). When did the Anthropocene begin? A mid-twentieth century boundary level is stratigraphically optimal. Quaternary International, 383, 196-203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2014.11.045
Zalasiewicz, J.; Williams, M.; Smith, A.; Barry, T.L.; Coe, A.L.; Bown, P.R.; Brenchley, P.; Cantrill, D.; Gale, A.; Gibbard, P.; Gregory, F.J.; Hounslow, M.W.; Kerr, A.C.; Pearson, P.; Knox, R.; Powell, J.; Waters, C.; Marshall,J.; Oates, M.; Rawson, P.; Stone, P. (2008). Are we now living in the Anthropocene? GSA Today, 18, 4-8. https://doi.org/10.1130/GSAT01802A.1
Zazo, C. (2015). Explorando las costas de un pasado reciente: los cambios del nivel del mar. Discurso de Recepción como Académico de Número. Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. RAC. Madrid, 112 pp.
Zazo, C.; Goy, J.L.; Dabrio, C.J.; Bardají, T.; Somoza, L.; Silva, P.G. (1993). The last interglacial in the Mediterranean as a model for the present interglacial. Global and Planetary Change, 7. 109 - 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(93)90043-N
Zazo, C.; Dabrio, C.J.; Borja, F.; Goy, J.L.; Lezine, A.M.; Lario, J.; Polo, M.D.; Hoyos, M.; Boersma, J.R. (1999). Pleistocene and Holocene eolian facies along the Huelva coast (southern Spain): climatic and neotectonic implication. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 77, 209–224. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003689518310
Zazo, C.; Goy, J.L.; Hillaire-Marcel, C.; Gillot, P.; Soler, V.; González-Delgado, J.A.; Dabrio, C.J.; Ghaleb, B. (2002). Raised marine sequences of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura revisited, a reappraisal of relative sea-level changes in Spain. Quaternary Science Reviews, 21, 2019 - 20142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(02)00009-4
Zazo, C.; Goy, J.L.; Dabrio, C.J.; Bardají, T.; Hillaire-Marcel, C.; Ghaleb, B.; González-Delgado, J.A.; Soler, V. (2003). Pleistocene raised marine terraces of the Spanish Mediterranean and Atlantic coasts: records of coastal uplift, sea-level highstands and climate changes. Marine Geology, 194. 103–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-3227(02)00701-6
Zazo, C.; Dabrio, C.J.; Goy, J.L.; Lario, J.; Cabero, A.; Silva, P.G.; Bardají, T., Mercier, N.; Borja, F.; Roquero, E. (2008). The coastal archives of the last 15 ka in the Atlantic-Mediterranean Spanish linkage area: sea level and climate changes. Quaternary International, 181, 72–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2007.05.021
Zazo, C.; Goy, J.L.; Dabrio, C.J.; González-Delgado, J.; Bardají, T.; Hillaire-Marcel, C.; Cabero, A.; Ghaleb, B.; Borja, F.; Silva, P.G.; Roquero, E.; Soler, V. (2013). Retracing the Quaternary history of sea level on Spanish Mediterranean–Atlantic coasts: a geomorphological and sedimentological approach. Geomorphology, 196. 36 - 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2012.10.020