Diferencias de género en el desarrollo de la coordinación motriz en niños de 6 a 11 años. [Gender differences in motor coordination development in children aged 6 to 11 years].
Palabras clave:
Desarrollo motor, control de objetos, locomoción, mano, pie, Motor development, object control, locomotion, hand, foot.Resumen
El objetivo del estudio es analizar los cambios en el desarrollo de la coordinación motriz en el periodo escolar, determinando las diferencias en función de los diferentes ámbitos motrices (locomoción y control de objetos), la edad, el género y la utilización de la mano o el pie en las pruebas. Participaron 2649 niños y niñas de edades comprendidas entre los 6 y 11 años. La coordinación motriz se midió con el test 3JS. Los resultados muestran una mejora progresiva de la coordinación a lo largo de la etapa, destacando diferencias entre niños y niñas (Z = -6,49, p < 0,01), siendo mayores en la coordinación Control de objetos (Tamaño del efecto hasta 0,262) y menores en la Locomoción. También los niños rindieron mejor que las niñas especialmente en Control de objetos con el pie, principalmente en la edad de 10-11 años. Podemos concluir que la edad y el género condicionan la coordinación motriz en la edad escolar.
Abstract
This study aims to analyse the development of motor coordination at school, establishing the diversities according to the different motor skills (locomotion and objects control), age, gender and the use of hands or feet in the tests. A sample of 2,649 boys and girls aged 6 to 11 years was used. Motor coordination was assessed using the 3JS test. The results show a progressive improvement of the coordination throughout the stage, highlighting that differences between boys and girls (Z = -6,49, p < 0,01) are bigger in objects control coordination (effect size up to 0,262) and less marked in locomotion. Furthermore, the boys performed better than the girls, especially when controlling objects with their foot, mainly aged 10 to 11 years. We can conclude that age and gender may condition motor coordination on school-age children.
https://doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2019.05504
Referencias/references
Barnett, L. M.; van Beurden, E.; Morgan, P. J.; Brooks, L. O., & Beard, J. R. (2010). Gender differences in motor skill proficiency from childhood to adolescence. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81(2), 162–170.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599663
Blatchford, P.; Baines, E., & Pellegrini, A. (2003). The social context of school playground games: Sex and ethnic differences, and changes over time after entry to junior school. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21(4), 481–505.
https://doi.org/10.1348/026151003322535183
Bonvin, A.; Barral, J.; Kakebeeke, T. H.; Kriemler, S.; Longchamp, A.; Marques-Vidal, P., & Puder, J. J. (2012). Weight status and gender-related differences in motor skills and in child care - based physical activity in young children. BMC Pediatrics, 12(1), 557.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-12-23
Bryant, E. S.; Duncan, M. J.; & Birch, S. L. (2014). Fundamental movement skills and weight status in British primary school children. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(7), 730–736.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.870232
Bucco-dos Santos, L.; & Zubiaur-González, M. (2013). Desarrollo de las habilidades motoras fundamentales en función del sexo y del índice de masa corporal en escolares. Cuadernos de Psicología Del Deporte. 13(2), 63-72
Butterfield, S. A.; Angell, R. M.; & Mason, C. A. (2012). Age and Sex Differences in Object Control Skills by Children Ages 5 to 14. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 114(1), 261–274.
https://doi.org/10.2466/10.11.25.PMS.114.1.261-274
Cenizo-Benjumea, J. M.; Ravelo-Afonso, J.; Morilla-Pineda, S., & Fernández-Truan, J. C. (2017). Test de coordinación motriz 3JS: Cómo valorar y analizar su ejecución. Retos, 32, 189–193.
Cenizo-Benjumea, J. M.; Ravelo-Afonso, J.; Morilla-Pineda, S.; Ramirez-Hurtado, J. M., & Fernández-Truan, J. C. (2016). Design and validation of a tool to assess motor coordination in primary. Revista Internacional de Medicina Y Ciencias de La Actividad Física Y El Deporte, 16(62), 203–219.
Cenizo-Benjumea, J. M.; Ravelo-Afonso, J.; Ramírez-Hurtado, J. M. R., & Fernández-Truan, J. C. (2015). Assessment of motor coordination in students aged 6 to 11 years. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(4), 765–774.
https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2015.04117
Cepicka, L. (2010). Normative data for the test of gross motor development-2 in 7- yr.-old children in the czech republic. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 110(3), 1048–1052.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.110.C.1048-1052
Clark, J. E. (2007). On the problem of motor skill development. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance, 78(5), 39–44.
https://doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2007.10598023
Cliff, D. P.; Okely, A. D.; Smith, L. M., & McKeen, K. (2009). Relationships between fundamental movement skills and objectively measured physical activity in preschool children. Pediatric Exercise Science, 21(4), 436–449.
https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.21.4.436
D’Hondt, E.; Deforche, B.; Vaeyens, R.; Vandorpe, B.; Vandendriessche, J.; Pion, J.; … Lenoir, M. (2011). Gross motor coordination in relation to weight status and age in 5- to 12-year-old boys and girls: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Pediatric Obesity, 6(2–2), e556–e564.
https://doi.org/10.3109/17477166.2010.500388
Flatters, I.; Hill, L. J. B.; Williams, J. H. G.; Barber, S. E., & Mon-Williams, M. (2014). Manual control age and sex differences in 4 to 11 year old children. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e88692.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0088692
Freitas, D. L.; Lausen, B.; Maia, J. A.; Lefevre, J.; Gouveia, É. R.; Thomis, M.; … Malina, R. M. (2015). Skeletal maturation, fundamental motor skills and motor coordination in children 7–10 years. Journal of Sports Sciences, 33(9), 924–934.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.977935
Gabbard, C. P. (2011). Lifelong motor development (6th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Higher Ed.
Gallahue, D. L., & Ozmun, J. C. (2006). Understanding motor development: Infants, children, adolescents, adults (6th ed.). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Gromeier, M.; Koester, D., & Schack, T. (2017). Gender differences in motor skills of the overarm throw. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 212.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00212
Hardy, L. L.; King, L.; Farrell, L.; Macniven, R., & Howlett, S. (2010). Fundamental movement skills among Australian preschool children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 13(5), 503–508.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2009.05.010
Hulteen, R. M.; Morgan, P. J.; Barnett, L. M.; Stodden, D. F., & Lubans, D. R. (2018). Development of foundational movement skills: A conceptual model for physical activity across the lifespan. Sports Medicine, 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0892-6
Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1), 40.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
Jiménez-Díaz, J.; Salazar-Rojas, W., & Morera, M. (2015). Age and gender differences in fundamental motor skills. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 13(2), 1–16.
Junta de Andalucía. (2016). Hábitos y actitudes de la población andaluza en edad escolar ante el deporte, 2016. Sevilla. Extraido el 16/02/2018
http://www.juntadeandalucia.es/turismoydeporte/publicaciones/estadisticas/deporte/hab_act_edad_escolar_2016.pdf
Katzmarzyk, P. T.; Malina, R. M., & Beunen, G. P. (1997). The contribution of biological maturation to the strength and motor fitness of children. Annals of Human Biology, 24(6), 493–505.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03014469700005262
Kokštejn, J.; Musálek, M., & Tufano, J. J. (2017). Are sex differences in fundamental motor skills uniform throughout the entire preschool period? PLOS ONE, 12(4), e0176556.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176556
Lopes, V. P.; Rodrigues, L. P.; Maia, J. A. R., & Malina, R. M. (2011). Motor coordination as predictor of physical activity in childhood. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 21(5), 663–669.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01027.x
Lorson, K. M., & Goodway, J. D. (2008). Gender differences in throwing form of children ages 6-8 years during a throwing game. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 79(2), 174–182.
Luz, L. G. O.; Cumming, S. P.; Duarte, J. P.; Valente-dos-Santos, J.; Almeida, M. J.; Machado-Rodrigues, A., … Coelho-E-Silva, M. J. (2016). Independent and combined effects of sex and biological maturation on motor coordination and performance in prepubertal children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 122(2), 610–635.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516637733
Luz, L. G. O.; Valente-dos-Santos, J.; Luz, T. D. D.; Sousa-e-Silva, P.; Duarte, J. P.; Machado-Rodrigues, A.; … Coelho-e-Silva, M. J. (2018). Biocultural predictors of motor coordination among prepubertal boys and girls. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 125(1), 21–39.
Magill, R. A. (2007). Motor learning: concepts and applications (8 th). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.
Moreno-Briseño, P.; Díaz, R., Campos-Romo, A., & Fernandez-Ruiz, J. (2010). Sex-related differences in motor learning and performance. Behavioral and Brain Functions, 6(1), 74.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-6-74
Mukherjee, S.; Ting Jamie, L. C., & Fong, L. H. (2017). Fundamental motor skill proficiency of 6- to 9-year-old singaporean children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 124(3), 584–600.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512517703005
Plimpton, C. E., & Regimbal, C. (1992). Differences in motor proficiency according to gender and race. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 74(2), 399–402.
https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1992.74.2.399
Ruiz, L. M. (2004). Competencia motriz, problemas de coordinación y deporte. Revista de Educación, 335, 21–34.
Ruiz, L. M., & Graupera, J. L. (2003). Competencia motriz y género entre los escolares españoles. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, 10, 101–111.
Ruiz, L. M.; Mata, E., & Moreno, J. A. (2007). Los problemas evolutivos de coordinación motriz y su tratamiento en la edad escolar: Estado de la cuestión. Motricidad. European Journal of Human Movement, 18, 1–17.
Sgrò, F.; Quinto, A.; Messana, L.; Pignato, S., & Lipoma, M. (2017). Assessment of gross motor developmental level in Italian primary school children. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 17(3), 1954–1959.
https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2017.03192
Spessato, B. C.; Gabbard, C.; Valentini, N., & Rudisill, M. (2013). Gender differences in Brazilian children’s fundamental movement skill performance. Early Child Development and Care, 183(7), 916–923.
https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2012.689761
Stodden, D. F.; Goodway, J. D.; Langendorfer, S. J.; Roberton, M. A.; Rudisill, M. E.; Garcia, C., & Garcia, L. E. (2008). A developmental perspective on the role of motor skill competence in physical activity: An emergent relationship. Quest, 60, 290–306.
Temple, V. A.; Crane, J. R.; Brown, A.; Williams, B.-L., & Bell, R. I. (2016). Recreational activities and motor skills of children in kindergarten. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 21(3), 268–280.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17408989.2014.924494
Ulrich, B. (2007). Motor development: Core curricular concepts. Quest, 59(1), 77–91.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2007.10483538
Ulrich, D. A.; Ulrich, B. D., & Branta, C. F. (1988). Developmental gross motor skill ratings: A generalizability analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 59(3), 203–209.
https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1988.10605505
Valentini, N. C.; Logan, S. W.; Spessato, B. C.; de Souza, M. S.; Pereira, K. G., & Rudisill, M. E. (2016). Fundamental motor skills across childhood: age, sex, and competence outcomes of brazilian children. Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 4(1), 16–36.
https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2015-0021
Vandendriessche, J. B.; Vandorpe, B.; Coelho-e-Silva, M. J.; Vaeyens, R.; Lenoir, M.; Lefevre, J., & Philippaerts, R. M. (2011). Multivariate association among morphology, fitness, and motor coordination characteristics in boys age 7 to 11. Pediatric Exercise Science, 23(4), 504–20.
Vandorpe, B.; Vandendriessche, J.; Vaeyens, R.; Pion, J.; Matthys, S.; Lefevre, J.; … Lenoir, M. (2012). Relationship between sports participation and the level of motor coordination in childhood: a longitudinal approach. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15(3), 220–225.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2011.09.006
Vlahov, E.; Baghurst, T. M., & Mwavita, M. (2014). Preschool motor development predicting high school health-related physical fitness: A prospective study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 119(1), 279–291.
https://doi.org/10.2466/10.25.PMS.119c16z8
Wong, K. Y. A., & Yin Cheung, S. (2010). Confirmatory factor analysis of the test of gross motor development-2. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 14(3), 202–209.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10913671003726968
Wrotniak, B. H.; Epstein, L. H.; Dorn, J. M.; Jones, K. E., & Kondilis, V. A. (2006). The relationship between motor proficiency and physical activity in children. Pediatrics, 118(6), e1758–e1765.
https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-0742
