Dinámica de los sistemas dunares costeros ante el Cambio Global: La necesidad de una gestión sostenible
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17735/cyg.v37i1-2.95891Palabras clave:
geomorfología costera, sedimentos, clima, vegetación, ecosistemas, Cambio GlobalResumen
El desarrollo y evolución de los sistemas arenosos costeros está gobernado por un frágil equilibrio dinámico entre la interacción de múltiples factores ambientales, y por ello estos sistemas naturales son altamente sensibles a las perturbaciones humanas. Estas alteraciones se acentúan en el contexto actual de Cambio Global. Los cambios en los vientos, en el oleaje, en la intensidad de las tormentas, en la disponibilidad de arena y en la vegetación juegan un papel crucial en el complejo desarrollo de las dunas, tanto por retener la arena que forma las dunas, como para protegerlas físicamente de la erosión. Actualmente, muchos de los ecosistemas dunares se encuentran degradados sobre todo por el déficit de aportes sedimentarios y la presión sobre la cubierta vegetal, fenómenos siempre muy relacionados con el impacto antrópico. El desarrollo natural de los sistemas dunares, incluida su vegetación, contribuye de forma significativa a amortiguar los efectos destructivos de los eventos climáticos extremos, incrementados durante el actual periodo de Cambio Global. Así, las dunas costeras suponen un patrimonio natural muy valioso que debe ser conservado. Aquí presentamos un trabajo de revisión sobre el estado del arte y una síntesis de factores y procesos de cara a un nuevo enfoque en la gestión costera. Al mismo tiempo, en este artículo se defiende una gestión que no interrumpa los procesos geomorfológicos que intervienen en el desarrollo natural del ecosistema dunar, y que son el soporte principal de su biodiversidad. Se demuestra que, a medio y largo plazo, una gestión respetuosa con la dinámica geológica dunar favorece tanto el mantenimiento de la biodiversidad como la conservación del paisaje costero y sus servicios ecosistémicos.
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