Implicaciones hidrodinámicas de una quema prescrita de baja intensidad en condiciones forestales mediterráneas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17735/cyg.v32i1-2.63327Palabras clave:
erosión, escorrentía, fuego prescrito, cuenca mediterránea, vegetación, resilienciaResumen
Este estudio evalúa las consecuencias hidrodinámicas de una quema prescrita en un área forestal mediterránea seca. La quema fue de baja intensidad y se realizó con el fin de controlar la acumulación de biomasa y reducir el riego de futuros incendios. A corto plazo, la respuesta de escorrentía y erosión en el área quemada presentó una mayor magnitud a la de los suelos no quemados. Esto implicó que, inicialmente, el umbral de precipitación necesario para activar la escorrentía en el conjunto quemado fuese inferior al requerido en la condición natural. Esto se debía a que, en los primeros meses tras la quema, más del 85% del total de la superficie de las parcelas quemadas estaba actuando como área de fuente para la producción de escorrentía. Sin embargo, en el segundo año, el porcentaje disminuyó muy rápidamente, principalmente por el rebrote de plantas anuales y arbustos. Dos años después de la quema, se observó como la superficie con cubierta vegetal en las parcelas quemadas fue un 16,1% mayor que en las parcelas control. Este hecho implicaba que, en el medio-largo plazo, el fuego prescrito no solo conseguía reducir el riesgo de sufrir incendios forestales severos, si no que permitía aumentar la tasa de recubrimiento vegetal frente áreas no quemadas.
Citas
Afif, E. y Oliveira, P. (2006): Efectos del fuego prescrito sobre el matorral en las propiedades del suelo. Investig. Agrar. Sist. Recur. For., 15 (3), 262–270.
Alcañiz, M.; Outeiro, L.; Francos, M.; Farguell, J.; Úbeda, X. (2016): Long-term dynamics of soil chemical properties after a prescribed fire in a Mediterranean forest (Montgrí Massif, Catalonia, Spain). Science of the Total Environment, 572, 1329–1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.115
Alcañiz, M.; Úbeda, X.; Outeiro, L.; Farrés, M. (2014): Effects of a prescribed fire in a calcareous soil (Montigrí Massif, NE Spain). Flamma, 5 (1), 45-48.
Andreu, V.; Imeson, A.C.; Rubio, J.L. (2001): Temporal changes in soil aggregates and water erosion after a wildfire in a Mediterranean pine forest. Catena, 44, 69-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(00)00177-6
Arnau-Rosalén, E.; Calvo-Cases, A.; Boix-Fayos, C.; Lavee, H.; Sarah, P. (2008): Analysis of soil surface component patterns affecting runoff generation. An example of methods applied to Mediterranean hillslopes in Alicante (Spain). Geomorphology, 101, 595-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.03.001
Armas-Herrera, C.M.; Martí, C.; Badía, D.; Ortíz-Perpiñá, O.; Girona-García, A.; Porta., J. (2016): Immediate effects of prescribed burning in Central Pyreness on the amount and stability of topsoil Organic matter. Catena, 147, 238-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.07.016
Aroncena, J.M. y Opio, C. (2003): Prescribed fire-inducted changes in properties of sub-borealforest soil. Geoderma, 113, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(02)00312-9
Beyers, J.L. (2004): Postfire seeding for erosion control: effectiveness and impacts on native plant communities. Conserv. Biol., 18 (4), 947–956. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00523.x
Beven, K. (2002): Runoff generation in semi-arid areas. En: Bull, L.J., Kirkby, M.J. (eds). Dryland rivers, Hydrology and Geomorphology of Semi-Arid Zones, Wiley, 105 pp.
Buhk, C.; Meyn, A.; Jenthsch, A. (2007). The challenge of plant regeneration after a fire in the Mediterranean Basin: scientific gaps in our knowledge on plant strategies and evolution of traits. Plant Ecol., 192, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11258-006-9224-2
Calvo, A.; Boix-Fayos, C.; Imeson, A. (2003): Runoff generation, sediment movement and soil water behavior on calcareous (limestone) slope of some Mediterranean environments in Southeast Spain. Geomorphology, 50 (1-3): 269-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00218-0
Calvo-Cases, A., Boix-Fayos, C., Arneau, E. (2005): Patterns and thresholds of runoff generation and sediment transport on some Mediterranean hillslopes. En: Catchment Dynamics and River Process: Mediterranean and Other Climate Regions, García C, Batalla RJ (eds.). Elsevier. Amsterdam; 31-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0928-2025(05)80009-4
Cammeraat, E.L.H. (2004): Scale dependent thresholds in hydrological and erosion response of a semi-arid catchment in southeast Spain. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Enviroment, 104 (2), 317-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2004.01.032
Campo, J.; Andreu, V.; Gimeno-García, E.; González, O.; Rubio, J.L. (2006). Occurrence of soil erosion after repeated experimental fires in a Mediterranean environment. Geomorphology. 84, 376-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.05.014
Cerdà, A.; Imenson, A.C.; Calvo, A. (1995): Fire and aspect induced difference on the erodibility and hydrology of soils at La Costera, Valencia, Southeast Spain. Catena, 24, 289–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(95)00031-2
Cerdá, A. y Doerr, S.H. (2005): Influence of vegetation recovery on soil hydrology and erodibility following fire: an 11-year investigation. Int. J. Wildl. Fire, 14, 423–437. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF05044
Cerdá, A. y Lasanta, T. (2005): Long-term erosional responses after fire in the Central Spanish Pyrenees: 1. Water and sediment yield. Catena, 60, 59-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2004.09.006
Cerdà, A., Mataix-Solera, J. (2009). El estado de la cuestión visto por los científicos españoles, En: Cátedra de Divulgación de la Ciencia-Fuegored, Valencia, 529 pp.
Certini, G. (2005). Effects of fire on properties of forest soils: a review. Oecologia, 143, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1788-8
DeBano L.F.; Savage S.M.; Hamilton D.A. (1976): The transfer of heat and hydrophobic substances during burning. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings, 40, 779-782. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1976.03615995004000050043x
De Luis, M.; García Cano, M.F.; Cortina, J., Raventos, J.; Gonzalez Hidalgo, J.C.; Sanchez, J.R. (2001): Climatic trends, disturbance and short-term vegetation dynamics in a Mediterranean shrubland. Forest Ecol. Manage., 147, 25–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00438-2
FAO-WRB. (2014): World reference base for soil resources 2014. World Soil Resources Reports, 106. Roma.
Fernandes, P.M.; Davies, M.G.; Ascoli, D.; Fernández, C.; Moreira, F., Rigolot, E.; Stoof, C.R.; Vega, J.A.; Molina, D. (2013): Prescribed burning in southern Europe: developing fire management in a dynamic landscape. Front. Ecol. Environ., 11, 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1890/120298
Fernandes, P.M. y Rigolot, E. (2007): The fire ecology and management of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster ait.). For. Ecol. Manag., 241, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2007.01.010
Fonseca, F.; Figueiredo, T.; Nogueira, C.; Queirós, A. (2017): Effect of prescribed fire on soil properties and erosion in a Mediterranean mountain area. Geoderma, 307, 172-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.06.018
Giovannini, G.; Vallejo, R.; Lucchesi, S.; Bautista, S.; Ciompi, S.; Llovet, J. (2001): Effect of land use and eventual fire on soil erodibility in dry Mediterranean conditions. Forest Ecol. Manage., 147, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00437-0
Gimeno, E.; Andreu, V. y Rubio, J.L. (2007): Influence of vegetation recovery on water erosion at short andmedium-term after experimental fires in a Mediterranean shrubland. Catena, 69, 150-160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2006.05.003
González-Pelayo, O.; Andreu, V.; Gimeno-García, E., Campo, J.; Rubio, J.L. (2010). Rainfall influence on plot-scale runoff and soil loss from repeated burning in a Mediterranean-shrub ecosystem, Valencia, Spain. Geomorphology. 118, 444-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.02.014
González-Pelayo, O.; Gimeno-García. E.; Ferreira, C.S.S.; Ferreira, A.J.D.; Keizer, J.J.; Andreu, V., Rubio, J.L. (2015). Water repellency of air-dried and sieved samples from limestone soils in central Portugal collected before and after prescribed fire. Plant and Soil. 394, 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-015-2515-4
González-Pérez, J.A.; González-Vila, F.J.; Almendros, G., Knicker, H. (2004): The effects of fire on soil organic matter—a review. Environ. Int. 30, 855–870. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2004.02.003
Hueso-González, P.; Martínez-Murillo, J.F.; Ruiz-Sinoga, J.D. (2016): Effect of top-soil treatments on afforestation in a dry Mediterranean climate (southern Spain). Solid Earth, 7, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-1479-2016
Hueso-González, P.; Martínez-Murillo, J.F.; Ruiz-Sinoga, J.D. (2018): Benefits of adding clearance residues for the soil and vegetation of a Mediterranean mountain forest. Science of the Total Environment, 615, 796-804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.301
Hueso-González, P.; Martínez-Murillo, J.F.; Ruiz-Sinoga., J.D.; Lavee, H. (2015): Overland flow generation mechanisms affected by topsoil treatment: Application to soil conservation. Geomorphology, 228, 796-804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2014.10.033
Inbar, M.; Tamir, M.; Wittemberg, L. (1998): Runoff and erosion processes after a forest fire in Mount Carmel, a Mediterranean area. Geomorphology, 24, 17–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(97)00098-6
Johansen, M.P.; Thomas, EH.; Breshears, D.D. (2001): Post-fire runoff and erosion from rainfall simulation: contrasting forests with shrublands and grasslands, Hydrological process, 15, 2953-2965. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.384
Latron, J.; Soler, M.; Llorens, P.; Gallart, F. (2007): Spatial and temporal variability of the hydrological response in a small Mediterranean research catchment (Vallcebre, Eastern Pyrenees). Hydrological Processes, 22 (6), 775-787. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.6648
Lavee, H.; Imeson, A.C.; Pariente, S. (1998). The impact of climate change on geomorphology and desertification along a Mediterranean arid transect. Land Degradation and Development, 9, 407-422. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199809/10)9:5<407::AID-LDR302>3.0.CO;2-6
Maia, P.; Pausas, J.G.; Arcenegui, V.; Guerrero, C; Pérez-Bejarano, A.; Mataix-Solera, J.; Varela, M.E.T.; Fernandes, I.; Pedrosa, E.T.; Keizer, J.J. (2012): Wildfire effects on the soil seed bank of a maritime pine stand – the importance of fire severity. Geoderma, 191, 80–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.02.001
Martínez-Murillo, J.F.; Hueso-González, P.; Ruiz-Sinoga, J.D.; Lavee, H. (2016): Short-Experimental fire effects in soil and water losses in southern of Spain. Land Degradation and Development, 27, 1513-1522. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2504
Martínez-Ruiz, E. (2001). Manual de quemas controladas. El manejo del fuego en la prevención de los incendios forestales. Ed. Ediciones Mundi-Prensa, Madrid, 70 pp.
Mataix-Solera, J. y Guerrero, C. (2007): Efectos de los incendios forestales en las propiedades edáficas. En: Mataix-Solera, J. (ed.), Incendios Forestales, Suelos y Erosión Hídrica. Caja Mediterráneo CEMACAMFont Roja-Alcoi, Alicante, pp, 5-40
Mataix-Solera, J.; Gómez, I.; Navarro-Pedreño, J.; Guerrero, C.; Moral, R (2012): Soil organic matter and aggregates affected by wildfire in a Pinus halepensis forest in Mediterranean environment. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 11, 107-114. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF02020
Mataix-Solera, J.; Guerrero, C.; Arcenegui, V.; Bárcenas, G.; Zornoza, R.; Perez-Bejarano, A.; B., Mataix-Beneyto, J.; Gómez, I.; Garcia-Orenes, F.; Navarro-Pedreño, M, J.; Cerdá, A.; Úbeda, X.; Outeiro, L.; Pereira, P.; Jordán, A., LM, Zavala (2009): Los incendios forestales y el suelo: un resumen de la investigación realizada por el Grupo de Edafología Ambiental de la UHM en colaboración con otros grupos. In: Cerdá, A., Mataix-Solera, J. (Eds.), Efectos de los incendios forestales sobre los suelos en España. Estado de la cuestión visto por los científicos españoles. Càtedra de Divulgació de la Ciència. Universitat de València, pp. 185–217.
Mataix-Solera, J., Guerrero, C., Úbeda, X., Outeiro, L., Torres, M.P., Cerdà, A., Bodí, M.B., Arcenegui, V., Zornoza, R., Gómez, I., Mataiz-Beneyto., J. (2007). Incendios forestales, suelo y erosión hídrica. En: Caja del Mediterráneo CEMACAM, Ed. Jorge Mataix-Solera, Alicante, 177 pp.
Mayor, A.G.; Bautista, S.; Llovet, J.; Bellot, J. (2007): Post-fire hydrological and erosional responses of a Mediterranean landscape: Seven years of catchment-scale dynamics. Catena. 71, 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2006.10.006
Neary, D.G.; Ryan, K.C.; DeBano, L.F. (2005). Wildland fire in ecosystems: effects of fires in water and soils. En: General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-42. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Ogden, UT., Volume. 4. https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-GTR-42-V4
Núñez, M.R.; Clavo, L.; Pando, V.; Bravo, F. (2008): Floristic changes induced by fire on Pinus sylvestris plantations in northwest of Spain. Investigación Agraria: Sistemas y Recursos Forestales, 17(2), 168-177 DOI: 10.5424/srf/2008172-01032
Outeiro, L.; Asperó, F.; Úbeda, X. (2008): Geostatistical methods to study spatial variability of soil cations after a prescribed fire and rainfall. Catena, 74, 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2008.03.019
Pardini, G.; Gispert, M.; Dunjo, G. (2004): Relative influence of wildfire on soil properties and erosion processes in different Mediterranean environments in NE Spain. Sci. Total Environ., 328, 237–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.01.026
Pausas, J.G. (1999): Response of plant functional types to changes in the fire regime in Mediterranean ecosystems: a simulation approach. J. Veg. Sci. 10, 717–722. https://doi.org/10.2307/3237086
Pausas, J.G. y Keeley, J.E. (2009): A burning story: the role of fire in the history of life. Bioscience, 59, 593-601. https://doi.org/10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10
Pérez-Cabello, F., Echeverría, M.T., Ibarra, P. y de la Riva, J. (2006): Erosión y regeneración vegetal post-fuego en ambientes submediterráneos pirenaicos. 235-246. En: A. Pérez-Alberti y J. López-Bedoya (Eds.): Geo-morfología y territorio. Universidade de Santiago de Compostela.
Pérez-Cabello, F., Lasanta Martínez, T., Montorio Llovería, R., García Martín, A., Echeverría Arnedo, M.T., Ibarra Benlloch, P., de la Tiva Fernández, J., Cerdà, A. (2008). High spatial resolution photography and erosion plots for studying hydrogeomorphological response after an experimental fire. Geophysical Research Abstracts, 10, 11955. European Geosciences,
Piqué, M., Castellnou, M., Valor, T., Pagès, J., Larrañaga, A., Miralles, M., Cervera, T., (2011). Integració del risc de grans incendis forestals (GIF) en la gestió forestal: Incendis tipus i vulnerabilitat de les estructures forestals al foc de capçades. Sèrie: Orientacions de gestió forestal sostenible per a Catalunya (ORGEST). Ed. Centre de la Propietat Forestal. Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Alimentació i Medi Natural. Generalitat de Catalunya.
Pierson, F.B.; Robichaud, P.R.; Spaeth, K.E. (2001): Spatial and temporal effects of wildfire on the hydrology of a steep rangeland watershed. Hydrological Process, 15, 2905-2916. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.381
Robichaud, P.R.; Beyers, J.L.; Neary, D.G. (2000). Evaluating the effectiveness of post-fire rehabilitation treatments. USDA Forest Service. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-63. Fort Collins, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
Ruiz-Sinoga, J.D. y Martínez-Murillo, J.F. (2009): Eco-geomorphological system response variability to the 2004–06 drought along a climatic gradient of the Littoral Betic Range (southern Spain). Geomorphology, 103, 351-362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.07.002
Shakesby, R.A. (2011): post-wildfire soil erosion in Mediterranean: review and future research directions. Earth Sci. Rev., 105, 71-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2011.01.001
Shakesby, R.A. y Doerr, S.H. (2006): Wildfire as a hydrological and geomorphological agent. Earth-Science Reviews, 74, 269-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.10.006
Soler, M. y Sala, M. (1992). Effects of fire and of clearing in a Mediterranean Quercus ilex woodland: an experimental approach. Catena. 19, 321–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(92)90006-W
Soto, B.; Basanta, R.; Benito, E.; Perez, R.; Díaz-Fierros F. (1994). Runoff and erosion from burnt soils in northwest Spain. In Soil erosion and degradation as a consequence of forest fires, Rubio JL, Sala M (eds). Geoforma ediciones: Logroño, Spain. pp. 91–98.
Thomaz, E.L. y Fachin, P.A. (2014): Effects of heating on soil physical properties by using realistic peak temperature gradients. Geoderma, 230/231, 243–249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2014.04.025
Úbeda, X. y Outeiro, L. (2009): Physical and chemical effects of fire on soil. En: Cerdà, A., Robichaud, P.R. (Eds.). Fire effects on soil and restoration strategies 2009. Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, 105–132 pp. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781439843338-c4
Úbeda, X. y Sala, M. (1998): Variations in runoff and erosion in three areas with different fire intensities. Geo-ökö-Dynamik., XIX, 179-188.
Úbeda, X.; Lorca, M.; Outeiro, L.; Bernia, S.; Castellnou, M. (2005): Effects of prescribed fire on soil quality in Mediterranean grassland (Prades Mountains, north-east Spain). Int. J. Wildland Fire, 14, 379–384. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF05040
Ward, R.C. y Robinson, M. (2000): Principes of Hydrology. En: McGraw-Hill, 4th edition, 450 pp.
