Desigualdad salarial y desigualdad social. Los países de la OCDE en el período neoliberal

Autores/as

  • Jorge Rodríguez Guerra

Resumen

La aplicación generalizada de políticas de orientación neoliberal ha tenido como una de sus consecuencias un intenso crecimiento de la desigualdad social. En este artículo se aborda en concreto el problema del incremento de la desigualdad sala-rial en los países de la OCDE. Se analizan sus causas (recortes en los derechos so-ciales de ciudadanía, fragmentación de las clases trabajadoras y debilitamiento de sus organizaciones colectivas) y se sostiene que ha sido un factor que ha coadyuva-do de modo decisivo a la polarización en la distribución de los ingresos y a la con-centración de la riqueza en el vértice superior de la pirámide social.

Social inequality and wage inequality.  OECD countries in the period neoliberal

The widespread application of neoliberal policies has had as one of its consequen-ces a strong growth of social inequality. This article specifically adressed the pro-blem of the increase in wage inequality in OECD countries. It discusses its causes (cuts in social rights of citizenship, fragmentation of working class and weakening of its collective organizations). This strong growth has been a factor that has contri-buted decisively to the polarization in the income distribution and the concentration of the wealth in the top of social pyramid.

Citas

Alvarado, F. y Saez, E. (2009), “Income and Wealth Concentration in Spain from a Historical and Fiscal Perspective”, Journal of the European Economic Association, vol. 7 (5).

Angeles-Castro, G. (2006), The Effects of Economic Liberalization on Income Distribution, Washington, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing.

Atkinson, A. B., Piketty, T. y Saez, E. (2009), “Top Incomes in the Long Run of History”, NBER Working Paper, n.º 15408.

Atkinson, A.B. y A. Brandolini (2003), “Income Inequality in OECD Countries: Data and Explanations”, CESinfo Economic Studies, vol. 49 (4).

Bach, S., Corneo, G. y Steiner, V. (2009), “From Bottom to Top: The Entire Income Distribution in Germany”, Review of Income and Wealth, vol. 55 (2).

Baten, J. Foldvari, P., Van Leeuwen y Van Zanden J. L.(2009), “World Income Inequality, 1820-2000”, disponible en www.wehc20009.org/programe.

Berg, A. G. y Ostry, J. D. (2011), “Equality and Efficience. Is there a trade-off between the two or they go hand in hand?”, Finance & Development, September.

Blinder, A. S.(2006), “Comment”, en Papadimitriu, D.B. y Wolf, E.N. (eds.), Poverty and Prosperity in the USA in the Late Twenty Century, Basingstoke, MacMillan.

Brittan, S. (1975), “The Economics Contradictions of Democracy”, British Journal of Political Science, n.º 5, 1975.

Brenner, R. (2009), La economía de la turbulencia global, Madrid, Akal.

Crettaz, E. y G. Bonoli (2010), “Why Are Some Workers Poor? The Mechanism that Produce Working Poverty in a Comparative Perspective”, Working Paper of Reconciliation of Work and Welfare State in Europe, REC-WP 12/2010.

Danziguer, S. y P. Gottschalk (1986), “Work, Poverty and the Working Poor: a multifaceted problem”, Monthly Labor Review, sep.

Doré, R. (2000), Capitalismo bursátil: capitalismo de bienestar. Japón y Alemania versus los anglosajones, Madrid, Akal.

Dumeneil, G. y Levy, D.(2007), Crisis y salida de la crisis. Orden y desorden neoliberales, México, F.C.E.

Easterley, W. (2001), “ The Lost Decades. Developing Countries´s Stagnation in Spite of Policy Reform”, Journal of Economic Growth, vol. 6 (2).

Economic Policy Institute (2010), The State of Working America, 2010, disponible en www.stateofworkingamerica.org.

EUROFOUND (2009), Trade Union Membership 2003-2008, disponible en www.eurofound.europe.eu.

EUROSTAT (2012), Gini Coeficient (Source: SILC), disponible en http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu.

Freeeman, R. B.(1980), “Unionism and the Dispersion of Wages”, Industrial and Labor Relations, n.º 34.

Freeman, R. B.(1991), “How Much Has De-Unionisation Contributed to the Rise in Male Earnings Inequality?”, NBER Working Paper, n.º 3826.

Glassner, V. y Bernaciak, M. (2012), “Collective bargaining and diversity in wage development”, en R. Jagodzinski (ed.), Benchmarking Working Europe 2012, Brussels, ETUI-ETUC.

Harvey, D. (2007), Breve historia del neoliberalismo, Madrid, Akal.

Jessop, B.(2008), El futuro del Estado capitalista, Madrid, La Catarata.

Klein, B.V. y P.L. Rones (1989), “A Profile of the Working Poor”, Monthly Labor Review, oct.

Koechlin, T. (2012), “Los ricos se hacen más ricos: el neoliberalismo y la desigualdad galopante en Estados Unidos”, Revista de Economía Crítica, nº 14.

Milanovic, B. (2006), La era de las desigualdades. Dimensiones de la desigualdad internacional y global, Madrid, Sistema.

Milanovic, B. (2011), “Income Inequality has risen over past quarter-century instead of falling as expected”, Finance & Development, September.

Milanovic, B. (2009), “Global Inequality and the Global Inequality Extraction Ratio”, Policy Research Working Paper, WPS 5044, World Bank.

OCDE (1991, 1993, 1996, 1998, 2004, 2010, 2011, 2012), Employment Outlook, OCDE, Ginebra.

OECD (2011), Society at a Glance 2011. OECD Social Indicators, OECD Publishing.

OIT (2010), Informe mundial sobre salarios 2010/2011, Santiago de Chile.

Peck, J. (2004), “Geography and public policy: constructions of neoliberalism”, Progress in Human Geography, nº 28.

Piketty, T. y Saez, E. (2006), “The Evolution of Top Incomes: A Historical and International Perspectives”, NBER Working Paper, nº 11955.

PNUD (1997, 2010), Informe sobre el Desarrollo Humano, Madrid, Mundi-Prensa.

Ramchara, R. (2010), “La desigualdad es indefendible”, Finanzas & Desarrollo, September.

Rasler, K. y Thompson, W.R.(2009), “Globalization and North-South Inequality, 1870-2000. A Factor of Convergence, Divergence or Both?, Internacional Journal of Comparative Sociology, vol. 50 (5-6).

Recio, A. (2002), “Empresa-red y relaciones laborales”, en VV.AA., El sindicalismo en una economía globalizada, Valencia, Germania.

Reich, H, R. (2006), The Future of Success, New York, Alfred A. Knopf.

Rodríguez Guerra, J. (2009), “Reubicación espacial, sectorial y social del capital y movimiento obrero”, Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios del Trabajo (RELET), nº 21.

Roine, J., Vlachos, J. y Waldenstrom, D. (2009), “The Long-Run Determinants of Inequality: What Can we Learn from Top Income Data?”, Journal of Public Economics, vol. 93 (7-8).

Rueda, A, D. y Pontusson, J. (2000), “Wage Inequality and Varieties of Capitalism”, World Politics, vol. 52 (3).

Smeeding, T.M. (2008), “Income Inequality in Richer and OECD Countries”, en W. Salverda, B. Nolan y T.M. Smeeding (eds.), Handbook of Economic Inequality, Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Strengemann-Kuhn, W. (2002), “Working Poor in Europe. A Partial Basic Income for Working”, Basic-Income European Network, 9th International Congress.

Thurow, L. (1987), “A Surge of Inequality”, Scientific American, vol. 256 (5).

UNCTAD (2012), “Income Inequality: The Main Issues”, en Trade and Development Report, 2012, New York and Geneve, United Nation.

Visser, J. (2006), “Union Membeership Statistics in 24 Countries”, Monthly Labor Review, January.

Waddington, J. y Hoffman, R. (1991), Trade Union in Europe: Facing Challenges and Searching Solution, Brusselles, ETUI.

Wade, R.(2004), “Is Globalization Reducing Poverty and Inequality?”, World Development, vol. XX, nº X.

Western, B. (1995), “A comparative Study of Working Class Disorganization: Union Decline in Eighteen Advanced Capitalist Countries”, American Sociological Review, nº 60(2).

Western, B. y Rosenfeld, J. (2011), “Unions, Norms and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality”, American Sociological Review, vol. 76 (4).

Wolff, E.N. (2000), “Who are the rich? A demographic profile of high-income and high-wealth Americans”, en Slemrod, J.B. Does Atlas Shrug? The Economic Consequences of Taxing the Rich, Cambridge, MA, Russell Sage Foundation.

Wolin, S.(2008), Democracia S.A. la democracia dirigida y el fantasma del totalitarismo invertido, Madrid, Katz.

Descargas