El contacto con el deporte paralímpico como medio para cambiar la percepción que tienen los niños de las personas con discapacidad (Contact with Paralympic sport as a means to change children's perception of people with disabilities)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.87454Palabras clave:
Persona discapacitada. Deporte paralímpico. Percepción. Niños. Medios de comunicación. Estigma. Contacto indirecto, (Person with disability. Paralympic Sports. Perception. Children. Media. Stigmas. Indirect contact)Resumen
El objetivo de este estudio, de carácter cualitativo y exploratorio, fue verificar si el contacto indirecto con personas con discapacidad (PCD), a través de materiales mediáticos relacionados con el deporte paralímpico, puede cambiar la percepción que los niños tienen de estas personas. Entrevistamos a 18 niños de seis a 12 años, 13 de los cuales fueron entrevistados en un grupo focal y 5 individualmente. Primero, les pedimos a los niños que escribieran en un papel las primeras cinco palabras que les vinieron a la mente cuando escucharon la expresión “persona con discapacidad”. Luego realizamos una entrevista semiestructurada con el fin de explorar más profundamente lo que habían escrito. A continuación, mostramos dos videos que contenían imágenes de PCD realizando con éxito actividades cotidianas, profesionales, artísticas y, sobre todo, deportivas. Luego, repetimos la dinámica de las cinco palabras y realizamos una nueva entrevista para comprobar si hubo cambios en la percepción de los niños después de los videos. Antes de los videos, todos menos dos encoestados expresaron una visión centrada en las deficiencias y / o tecnologías asistenciales utilizadas por el PCD. También expresaron una percepción basada en tres estigmas generalmente asociados a estas personas: que son "discapacitados", "incapaces" y "pobre". Después de los videos, todos los niños expresaron una comprensión más positiva de la PWD, con un mayor enfoque en las capacidades que en sus supuestas limitaciones. Este estudio indica que producciones como las que mostramos a los niños pueden utilizarse como recursos pedagógicos para problematizar prejuicios y estigmas normalmente relacionados con la CPD, con el fin de promover una percepción más positiva de los mismos.
Abstract. The objective of this study, of a qualitative and exploratory nature, was to verify whether an indirect contact with people with disabilities (PWD), through media materials related to Paralympic sport, can change children's perception of these people. We interviewed 18 children from six to 12 years old, 13 of whom were interviewed in a focus group and 5 individually. First, we asked the children to write on a sheet of paper the first five words that came to mind when they heard the expression “person with a disability”. Aftwerwards, we conducted a semi-structured interview in order to explore more deeply what they had written. Subsequently, we showed two videos that contained images of PWD successfully carrying out daily, professional, artistic, and mainly, sporting activities. Then, we repeated the five words dynamicand conducted a new interview in order to check if there were changes in the children's perception. Before the videos, all interviewees, except for two, expressed a vision focused on the deficiencies and / or assistive technologies used by PWD. They also expressed a perception based on three stigmas usually associated with these people: that they are "disabled", "incapable" and "poor things". After the videos, all of them expressed a more positive understanding of PWD, with a greater focus on their capabilities than on their supposed limitations. This study indicates that materials such as the ones we showed children can be used as pedagogical resources to problematize prejudices and stigmas normally related to PWD, so that we can promote a more positive perception of them.
Citas
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