Efecto de un programa de natación en la condición física de preescolares (Effect of a swimming program on physical condition of preschoolers)

Autores/as

  • Miguel Adriano Sánchez-Lastra Grupo de investigación HealthyFit, Departamento de Didácticas Especiales, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Universidad de Vigo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7457-3475
  • Rodolfo Iván Martínez-Lemos Grupo de investigación Well-move, Departamento de Didácticas Especiales, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Universidad de Vigo
  • Roberto Díaz Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile
  • María Villanueva Club de Natación Galaico, Pontevedra
  • Carlos Ayán Grupo de investigación Well-move, Departamento de Didácticas Especiales, Facultad de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Universidad de Vigo

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.69504

Palabras clave:

Primera Infancia, Fuerza Muscular, Natación, Salud, Desarrollo, Obesidad (Early Childhood, Muscular Strength, Swimming, Health, Development, Obesity)

Resumen

La promoción la actividad física es de especial importancia en la salud de la población, siendo esencial fomentarla en la etapa preescolar. La natación es una elección habitual, pero son escasas las investigaciones que han valorado su efecto en la condición física de los niños. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir los cambios observados en la condición física de un grupo de prescolares (n= 47; rango edad=5-6 años), tras participar en un programa de natación. Se formaron dos grupos de niños y niñas en edad prescolar. El grupo experimental (n=24; 29,2% niñas) participó en un programa de iniciación a la natación organizado a razón de dos sesiones de 40 minutos por semana, durante diez meses. El grupo control (n=23; 34,8% niñas) siguió con su actividad habitual. Se valoró el peso, talla, Índice de Masa Corporal, Capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (“Test de los tres minutos”), fuerza explosiva (“Salto horizontal”), velocidad (20 m), agilidad (“Shuttle-run”) y flexibilidad (“V sit”). Se analizaron los datos de un total de 47 niños y niñas. Se hallaron cambios significativos en la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria (p=0,04) y en la fuerza (p=0,031) en los niños del grupo experimental. La agilidad (p=0,022) y la flexibilidad (p<0,001) mejoraron significativamente en los niños pertenecientes al grupo control. El participar en un programa de natación mejoró significativamente la capacidad cardiorrespiratoria y la fuerza de miembros inferiores en niños en edad prescolar.


Abstract. Promotion of physical activity is important for community health; thus, it is essential to foment it during the preschool stage. Swimming is one of the common choices, but research assessing its effects on children’s physical condition is scarce. This study aimed at describing the changes in physical condition of a group of preschoolers (n=47; age range= 5-6 years), after performing a swimming program. Two non-randomly-assigned groups of preschool children were formed. The experimental group (n=24; 29.2% girls) took part in a swimming initiation program, carried in two 40-minute sessions per week during 10 months. The control group (n=23; 34.8% girls) continued its usual activity. Weight, height, Body-Mass Index, cardiorespiratory capacity (“Three minute run”), explosive strength (“Horizontal jump”), velocity (20 m), agility (“Shuttle-run”), and flexibility (“V-sit”) were assessed. Data from a total of 47 children was analyzed. Significant changes were observed in cardiorespiratory capacity (p=0.04) and strength (p=0.031) in the experimental group, as well as in agility (p=0.022) and flexibility (p<0.001) in the control group. Taking part in a swimming program significantly improved the cardiorespiratory capacity and strength of the lower body in preschool children. Further research employing randomized controlled trials is needed with the objective of monitoring children’s development level, as well as the physical activity they perform in their free time and therefore confirm these results.

Citas

Anderson, D. I., & Rodriguez, A. (2014). Is There an Optimal Age for Learning to Swim? Journal of Motor Learning and Development, 2(4), 80–89. https://doi.org/10.1123/jmld.2014-0049

Arribas, I. S., de Haro, V. M., & Yagüe, L. C. (2016). ¿Influye la especialización en los estilos de natación sobre la extensibilidad isquiosural?. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte/International Journal of Medicine and Science of Physical Activity and Sport, 16(61), 55-69.

Ayán, C., Álvarez, S. P., González, S. B., & de Quel Martínez, Ó. (2019, in press). Influence of the Box Dimensions on the Reliability and Validity of the Sit and Reach in Preschoolers. Journal of strength and conditioning research.

Ayán-Pérez, C., Cancela-Carral, J. M., Lago-Ballesteros, J., & Martínez-Lemos, I. (2017). Reliability of Sargent Jump Test in 4- to 5-Year-Old Children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 124(1), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0031512516676174

Ayán, C. (2016). Systematic Review and Proposal of a Field-Based Physical Fitness-Test Battery in Preschool Children: The PREFIT Battery. Sports Medicine (Vol. 45). Barcelona: Paidotribo. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0281-8

Ayán, C., Cancela, J. M., Romero, S., & Alonso, S. (2015). Reliability of Two Field-Based Tests for Measuring Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Preschool Children. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(10), 2874–2880. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000000934

Chacón Cuberos, R., Arufe Giráldez, V., Espejo Garcés, T., Cachón Zagalaz, J., Zurita Ortega, F., & Castro García, D. (2017). Práctica físico-deportiva, actividades de ocio y concepción sobre la Educación Física en escolares de A Coruña. Retos. Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación, (32).

Costa, M. J., Barbosa, T. M., Ramos, A., & Marinho, D. A. (2016). Effects of a swimming program on infants’ heart rate response. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 56(4), 352–358. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25422869

Erbaugh, S. J. (1986). Effects of Aquatic Training on Swimming Skill Development of Preschool Children. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 62(2), 439–446. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1986.62.2.439

Fang, H., Quan, M., Zhou, T., Sun, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., … Chen, P. (2017). Relationship between Physical Activity and Physical Fitness in Preschool Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. BioMed Research International, 2017, 9314026. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9314026

Fernández-Losa, J., Cecchini, J. A., & Pallasá, M. La recepción de balón en niños con edades comprendidas entre los 3 y los 12 años/Ball reception skills in children between the ages of three and twelve. Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, (50).

Fitzpatrick, C., Pagani, L. S., & Barnett, T. A. (2012). Early childhood television viewing predicts explosive leg strength and waist circumference by middle childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 87. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-9-87

Fjørtoft, I. (2001). The natural environment as a playground for children: The impact of outdoor play activities in pre-primary school children. Early childhood education journal, 29(2), 111-117.

Goldfield, G. S., Harvey, A., Grattan, K., & Adamo, K. B. (2012). Physical Activity Promotion in the Preschool Years: A Critical Period to Intervene. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(4), 1326–1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9041326

Gonzalez-Viana, A., Violan Fors, M., Castell Abat, C., Rubinat Masot, M., Oliveras, L., Garcia-Gil, J., … PAFES working group, P. working. (2018). Promoting physical activity through primary health care: the case of Catalonia. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 968. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5773-2

Labayen Goñi, I., Arenaza, L., Medrano, M., García, N., Cadenas-Sanchez, C., & Ortega, F. B. (2018). Associations between the adherence to the Mediterranean diet and cardiorespiratory fitness with total and central obesity in preschool children: the PREFIT project. European Journal of Nutrition, 57(8), 2975–2983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1571-3

Lahart, I. M., & Metsios, G. S. (2018). Chronic physiological effects of swim training interventions in non-elite swimmers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 48(2), 337-359.

Latorre-Román, P. A., Mora-López, D., & García-Pinillos, F. (2018). Effects of a physical activity programme in the school setting on physical fitness in preschool children. Child: Care, Health and Development, 44(3), 427–432. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12550

Latorre-Román, P. Á., Mora-López, D., & García-Pinillos, F. (2016). Intellectual maturity and physical fitness in preschool children. Pediatrics International, 58(6), 450–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.12898

Latorre Román, P. Á., Moreno del Castillo, R., Lucena Zurita, M., Salas Sánchez, J., García-Pinillos, F., & Mora López, D. (2017). Physical fitness in preschool children: association with sex, age and weight status. Child: Care, Health and Development, 43(2), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12404

Lera-López, F., Garrues, M. A., & Suárez, M. J. (2017). The correlates of physical activity among the population aged 50-70 years. Retos, 31, 181-187.

Lindsay, A. C., Greaney, M. L., Wallington, S. F., Mesa, T., & Salas, C. F. (2017). A review of early influences on physical activity and sedentary behaviors of preschool‐age children in high‐income countries. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 22(3), e12182.

Lloyd, R. S., Faigenbaum, A. D., Stone, M. H., Oliver, J. L., Jeffreys, I., Moody, J. A., ... & Herrington, L. (2014). Position statement on youth resistance training: the 2014 International Consensus. Br J Sports Med, 48(7), 498-505.

Muñoz, R. M. S., Camacho, M. D. M. O., & Extremera, A. B. (2019). La funcionalidad de la indumentaria en las actividades físicas artístico-expresivas de danza en España. Estudio comparativo entre diferentes niveles de tecnificación. Retos, 36(36), 403-411.

Moreno-Murcia, J. A., Huéscar Hernández, E., Polo, R., López, E., Carbonell, B., & Meseguer, S. (2016). Efecto de los cuentos en la competencia acuática real y percibida en infantes. Revista internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física del Deporte, 10(61), 127-138.

Obeid, J., Nguyen, T., Gabel, L., & Timmons, B. W. (2011). Physical activity in Ontario preschoolers: prevalence and measurement issues. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 36(2), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1139/h11-002

Ortega, F. B., Cadenas-Sánchez, C., Sánchez-Delgado, G., Mora-González, J., Martínez-Téllez, B., Artero, E. G., … Ruiz, J. R. (2015). Systematic Review and Proposal of a Field-Based Physical Fitness-Test Battery in Preschool Children: The PREFIT Battery. Sports Medicine, 45(4), 533–555. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0281-8

Pate, R. R., O’Neill, J. R., Brown, W. H., McIver, K. L., Howie, E. K., & Dowda, M. (2013). Top 10 Research Questions Related to Physical Activity in Preschool Children. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 84(4), 448–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2013.844038

Piercy, K. L., Troiano, R. P., Ballard, R. M., Carlson, S. A., Fulton, J. E., Galuska, D. A., ... & Olson, R. D. (2018). The physical activity guidelines for Americans. Jama, 320(19), 2020-2028.

Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D. P., García-Hermoso, A., Álvarez-Bueno, C., Sánchez-López, M., & Martinez-Vizcaino, V. (2018). Effectiveness of school-based physical activity programmes on cardiorespiratory fitness in children: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Br J Sports Med, 52(19), 1234-1240.

Roman, B., Serra-Majem, L., Ribas-Barba, L., Pérez-Rodrigo, C., & Aranceta, J. (2008). How many children and adolescents in Spain comply with the recommendations on physical activity. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 48(3), 380-7.

Sigmundsson, H., & Hopkins, B. (2010). Baby swimming: exploring the effects of early intervention on subsequent motor abilities. Child: Care, Health and Development, 36(3), 428–430. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.00990.x

Tan, S., Chen, C., Sui, M., Xue, L., & Wang, J. (2017). Exercise Training Improved Body Composition, Cardiovascular Function, and Physical Fitness of 5-Year-Old Children With Obesity or Normal Body Mass. Pediatric Exercise Science, 29(2), 245–253. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2016-0107

Telama, R., Yang, X., Leskinen, E., Kankaanpää, A., Hirvensalo, M., Tammelin, T., … Raitakari, O. T. (2014). Tracking of physical activity from early childhood through youth into adulthood. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 46(5), 955–962. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000181

World Health Organization (WHO). Estrategia mundial sobre régimen alimentario, actividad física y salud. Resolución 57.17. Geneva: WHO 2004.

Descargas

Publicado

2020-01-01

Cómo citar

Sánchez-Lastra, M. A., Martínez-Lemos, R. I., Díaz, R., Villanueva, M., & Ayán, C. (2020). Efecto de un programa de natación en la condición física de preescolares (Effect of a swimming program on physical condition of preschoolers). Retos, 37, 48–53. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v37i37.69504

Número

Sección

Artículos de carácter científico: trabajos de investigaciones básicas y/o aplicadas

Artículos más leídos del mismo autor/a