Monitorización de la carga fisiológica de entrenamiento de un nadador deportista de élite en una fase de preparación específica
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v66.113251Palabras clave:
Training load, elite athlete, physical condition, swimmer, periodizationResumen
Introducción: El papel del entrenador en el diseño de un plan para alterar la carga de entrenamiento en el programa de entrenamiento, que intenta superar los límites de la adaptabilidad evitando al mismo tiempo el sobreentrenamiento, las lesiones y el desentrenamiento, ayuda a garantizar el éxito del programa.
Objetivo: Este estudio examinó cómo el seguimiento de la carga de entrenamiento durante la fase temprana de preparación específica afecta la condición física y la composición corporal de nadadores de élite.
Metodología: El método de investigación utilizado fue un diseño de investigación de cohortes, el cual es una investigación observacional que se enfoca en un grupo de individuos con características específicas a quienes se les da seguimiento en el tiempo para evaluar la carga de entrenamiento durante una fase de preparación especial en atletas nadadores de élite 17d. La carga de entrenamiento se evalúa mediante sRPE, la composición corporal se mide mediante InBody 970, la condición física se mide mediante VO2max, potencia y flexibilidad, y aeronaves portátiles (frecuencia cardíaca, distancia y calorías). La prueba unidireccional ANOVA es el método de análisis de datos.
Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que la capacidad aeróbica, la fuerza de los músculos del brazo, los músculos de las piernas, la flexibilidad de la zona lumbar y de los isquiotibiales y la flexibilidad del hombro aumentaron significativamente (todos p<0,05).
Conclusiones: Este estudio encontró que monitorear la carga de entrenamiento mejoró efectivamente la condición física en nadadores de élite.
Citas
Arede, J., Freitas, T. T., Johnson, D., Fernandes, J. F. T., Williams, S., Moran, J., & Leite, N. (2022). Training Load, Maturity Timing and Future National Team Selection in National Youth Basketball Play-ers. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7010021.
Branco, M., Mateus, C., Capelas, M., Pimenta, N., Santos, T., Mäkitie, A., Ganhão-Arranhado, S., Trabulo, C., & Ravasco, P. (2023). Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) for the Assessment of Body Com-position in Oncology: A Scoping Review. Nutrients, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15224792.
Campbell, P., Maupin, D., Lockie, R., Dawes, J., Simas, V., Canetti, E., Schram, B., & Orr, R. (2023). Evaluat-ing the Variability Between 20-m Multistage Fitness Test Estimating Equations in Law En-forcement Recruits. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 38, 742 - 748. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004389.
Capdevila, L., Guillen, J., Lalanza, J., Zamora, V., Rodas, G., & Caparrós, T. (2024). Non-Invasive HRV Pro-tocol and New Index to Assess Internal Training Load During Basketball Warm Up. Retos, 54, 169–179. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v54.102596
Chen, J., Li, Q., Zhang, S., Lin, C., & Wei, S. (2024). Adaptive Vibration Monitoring of Railway Track Struc-tures Using the UWFBG by the Identification of Train-Load Patterns. Buildings, 14(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14051239.
Claudino, J. G., Cardoso Filho, C. A., Boullosa, D., Lima-Alves, A., Carrion, G. R., Gianoni, R. L. da S., Guima-rães, R. D. S., Ventura, F. M., Araujo, A. L. C., Del Rosso, S., Afonso, J., & Serrão, J. C. (2021). The role of veracity on the load monitoring of professional soccer players: A systematic review in the face of the big data era. In Applied Sciences (Switzerland) (Vol. 11, Issue 14). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11146479.
Clemente, F. M., Silva, A. F., Sarmento, H., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Chiu, Y. W., Lu, Y. X., Bezerra, P., & Chen, Y. S. (2020). Psychobiological changes during national futsal team training camps and their rela-tionship with training load. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061843.
Conte, D., & Kamarauskas, P. (2022). Differences in Weekly Training Load, Well-Being, and Hormonal Responses between European- and National-Level Professional Male Basketball Players during the Pre-Season Phase. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192215310.
Coppalle, S., Ravé, G., Moran, J., Salhi, I., Abderrahman, A. Ben, Zouita, S., Granacher, U., & Zouhal, H. (2021). Internal and external training load in under-19 versus professional soccer players dur-ing the in-season period. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(2), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020558.
Costa, J. A., Figueiredo, P., Prata, A., Reis, T., Reis, J. F., Nascimento, L., & Brito, J. (2022). Associations between Training Load and Well-Being in Elite Beach Soccer Players: A Case Report. Interna-tional Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19106209.
Espasa-Labrador, J., Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Montalvo, A. M., Carrasco-Marginet, M., Irurtia, A., & Calle-ja-González, J. (2023). Monitoring Internal Load in Women’s Basketball via Subjective and De-vice-Based Methods: A Systematic Review. In Sensors (Vol. 23, Issue 9). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23094447.
Feu, S., García-Ceberino, J. M., López-Sierra, P., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2023). Training to Compete: Are Basket-ball Training Loads Similar to Competition Achieved? Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 13(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/app132212512.
Gillen, Z., Shoemaker, M., Mckay, B., Bohannon, N., Gibson, S., & Cramer, J. (2020). Leg Extension Strength, Explosive Strength, Muscle Activation, and Growth as Predictors of Vertical Jump Per-formance in Youth Athletes. Journal of Science in Sport and Exercise, 2, 336 - 348. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42978-020-00067-0.
Heishman, A., Peak, K., Miller, R., Brown, B., Daub, B., Freitas, E., & Bemben, M. (2020). Associations be-tween two athlete monitoring systems used to quantify external training loads in basketball players. Sports, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8030033.
Helwig, J., Diels, J., Röll, M., Mahler, H., Gollhofer, A., Roecker, K., & Willwacher, S. (2023). Relationships between External, Wearable Sensor-Based, and Internal Parameters: A Systematic Review. In Sensors (Vol. 23, Issue 2). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23020827.
Kale, U., Rohács, J., & Rohács, D. (2020). Operators’ load monitoring and management. Sensors (Switzerland), 20(17), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174665.
Lago-Fuentes, C., Jiménez-Loaisa, A., Padrón-Cabo, A., Fernández-Villarino, M., Mecías-Calvo, M., Tra-vassos, B., & Rey, E. (2020). Monitoring workloads of a professional female futsal team over a season: A case study. Sports, 8(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports8050069.
Mandroukas, A., Metaxas, I., Michailidis, Y., & Metaxas, T. (2023). Muscle Strength and Joint Range of Motion of the Spine and Lower Extremities in Female Prepubertal Elite Rhythmic and Artistic Gymnasts. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8040153.
Matos, S., Clemente, F. M., Silva, R., Pereira, J., & Carral, J. M. C. (2020). Performance and training load profiles in recreational male trail runners: Analyzing their interactions during competitions. In-ternational Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17238902.
Miguel, M., Oliveira, R., Loureiro, N., García-Rubio, J., & Ibáñez, S. J. (2021). Load measures in train-ing/match monitoring in soccer: A systematic review. In International Journal of Environmen-tal Research and Public Health (Vol. 18, Issue 5, pp. 1–26). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052721.
Morais, J., Oliveira, J., Sampaio, T., & Barbosa, T. (2022). Wearables in Swimming for Real-Time Feed-back: A Systematic Review. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 22. https://doi.org/10.3390/s22103677.
Nobari, H., Alves, A. R., Haghighi, H., Clemente, F. M., Carlos-Vivas, J., Pérez-Gómez, J., & Ardigò, L. P. (2021). Association between training load and well-being measures in young soccer players during a season. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094451.
Nobari, H., Kharatzadeh, M., Khalili, S. M., Pérez-Gómez, J., & Ardigò, L. P. (2021). Fluctuations of train-ing load variables in elite soccer players u-14 throughout the competition season. Healthcare (Switzerland), 9(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111418.
Oliveira, R., & Brito, J. P. (2023). Load Monitoring and Its Relationship with Healthcare in Sports. In Healthcare (Switzerland) (Vol. 11, Issue 16). Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI). https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11162330.
Oliveira, R., Brito, J. P., Moreno-Villanueva, A., Nalha, M., Rico-González, M., & Clemente, F. M. (2021). Reference values for external and internal training intensity monitoring in young male soccer players: A systematic review. In Healthcare (Switzerland) (Vol. 9, Issue 11). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111567.
Ouergui, I., Franchini, E., Selmi, O., Levitt, D. E., Chtourou, H., Bouhlel, E., & Ardigò, L. P. (2020). Rela-tionship between perceived training load, well-being indices, recovery state and physical en-joyment during judo-specific training. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(20), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17207400.
Parrino, R., Strand, K., Ly, A., Barry, S., Liscano, J., Trebotich, L., Martin-Diala, C., Martin, E., & Signorile, J. (2023). Prediction of Upper-Body Power During the Seated Medicine Ball Throw in Older Women. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 37, 1679 - 1686. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000004446.
Paulino, M. F., Gomes, B. B., Ramalho, A. L., & Amaro, A. M. (2024). Measurement of the Impact Loads to Reduce Injuries in Acrobatic Gymnasts: Designing a Dedicated Platform. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 14(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/app14093661.
Pawlik, D., & Mroczek, D. (2022). Fatigue and Training Load Factors in Volleyball. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811149.
Radzimiński, Ł., Jastrzębski, Z., López-Sánchez, G. F., Szwarc, A., Duda, H., Stuła, A., Paszulewicz, J., & Dragos, P. (2020). Relationships between training loads and selected blood parameters in pro-fessional soccer players during a 12-day sports camp. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(22), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228580.
Rico-González, M., Pino-Ortega, J., Clemente, F. M., & Bustamante-Hernández, N. (2021). Relationship between training load management and immunoglobulin a to avoid immunosuppression after soccer training and competition: A theoretical framework based on covid-19 for athletes’ healthcare. In Healthcare (Switzerland) (Vol. 9, Issue 7). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070856.
Santos-García, D. J., Serrano, D. R., Ponce-Bordón, J. C., & Nobari, H. (2022). Monitoring Heart Rate Vari-ability and Its Association with High-Intensity Running, Psychometric Status, and Training Load in Elite Female Soccer Players during Match Weeks. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(22). https://doi.org/10.3390/su142214815.
Simangunsong, A., , N., Bangun, S., & Info, A. (2023). Development of a Digital Based Sit and Reach Test and Measurement Tool. Kinestetik : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Jasmani. https://doi.org/10.33369/jk.v7i3.29045.
Simoneau, G. (1998). The Impact of Various Anthropometric and Flexibility Measurements on the Sit‐and‐Reach Test. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 12, 232–237. 2.3.CO;2" tar-get="_blank">https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287(1998)012<0232:TIOVAA>2.3.CO;2.
Teixeira, J. E., Branquinho, L., Ferraz, R., Leal, M., Silva, A. J., Barbosa, T. M., Monteiro, A. M., & Forte, P. (2022). Weekly Training Load across a Standard Microcycle in a Sub-Elite Youth Football Acad-emy: A Comparison between Starters and Non-Starters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(18). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811611.
Teixeira, J. E., Encarnação, S., Branquinho, L., Morgans, R., Afonso, P., Rocha, J., Graça, F., Barbosa, T. M., Monteiro, A. M., Ferraz, R., & Forte, P. (2024). Data Mining Paths for Standard Weekly Training Load in Sub-Elite Young Football Players: A Machine Learning Approach. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9(3), 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk9030114.
Teixeira, J. E., Forte, P., Ferraz, R., Leal, M., Ribeiro, J., Silva, A. J., Barbosa, T. M., & Monteiro, A. M. (2021). Quantifying sub-elite youth football weekly training load and recovery variation. Applied Sci-ences (Switzerland), 11(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114871.
Temm, D. A., Standing, R. J., & Best, R. (2022). Training, Wellbeing and Recovery Load Monitoring in Female Youth Athletes. In International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health (Vol. 19, Issue 18). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191811463.
Tiggemann, C. L., Pietta-Dias, C., Schoenell, M. C. W., Noll, M., Alberton, C. L., Pinto, R. S., & Kruel, L. F. M. (2021). Rating of perceived exertion as a method to determine training loads in strength train-ing in elderly women: A randomized controlled study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157892.
Veiga, R., Eidt, A., Boscolo, F., & Vecchio, D. (2025). Acute effects of a multimodal training session on heart rate, blood lactate and subjective perception of effort in young athletes Efectos agudos de una sesión de entrenamiento multimodal sobre la frecuencia cardíaca, el lactato sanguíneo y la percepción subjetiva del esfuerzo en deportistas jóvenes. Retos, 62, 2025. https://recyt.fecyt.es/in-dex.php/retos/index.
Versic, S., Modric, T., Katanic, B., Jelicic, M., & Sekulic, D. (2022). Analysis of the Association between Internal and External Training Load Indicators in Elite Soccer; Multiple Regression Study. Sports, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10090135.
Wahl, Y., Achtzehn, S., Olstad, D. S., Mester, J., & Wahl, P. (2021). Training load measures and biomarker responses during a 7-day training camp in young cyclists—a pilot study. Medicina (Lithuania), 57(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070673.
Wang, X., & Shan, G. (2023). Insights from a Nine-Segment Biomechanical Model and Its Simulation for Anthropometrical Influence on Individualized Planche Learning and Training in Gymnastics. Bioengineering, 10(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10070761.
Younesi, S., Rabbani, A., Clemente, F. M., Silva, R., Sarmento, H., & Figueiredo, A. J. (2021). Dose-response relationships between training load measures and physical fitness in professional soccer play-ers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18084321.
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2025 Irmantara Subagio, Adi Pranoto, Bekir Erhan Orhan, Dwi Cahyo Kartiko, Mokhamad Nur Bawono, Achmad Widodo, Fajar Eka Samudra, Laily Mita Andriana

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess