Impactos diferenciales del ejercicio físico de alta y baja intensidad en la actividad de las ondas cerebrales y la conectividad funcional en atletas profesionales: una revisión sistemática (Differential impacts of high and low-intensity physical exercise on brain wave activity and functional connectivity in professional athletes: a systematic review)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.108998Palabras clave:
Brain , Emotions , Physical Fitness , Cognition , Athletes , Self-ControlResumen
Introducción: Esta revisión sistemática explora los impactos diferenciales del ejercicio físico de alta y baja intensidad sobre la actividad de las ondas cerebrales y la conectividad funcional en atletas profesionales. El estudio tiene como objetivo dilucidar cómo las diferentes intensidades del ejercicio influyen en las respuestas cognitivas y emocionales, la conectividad cerebral y la salud mental en general. Además, examina los posibles efectos sinérgicos de integrar el entrenamiento de neurofeedback con el ejercicio físico. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva en bases de datos como PubMed, Scopus y Google Scholar. Las palabras clave incluyeron "ejercicio de alta intensidad", "ejercicio de baja intensidad", "actividad de ondas cerebrales", "conectividad funcional", "atletas profesionales" y "rendimiento cognitivo". Los criterios de inclusión fueron estudios publicados en revistas revisadas por pares que involucraron a atletas profesionales y examinaron el impacto de la intensidad del ejercicio en la actividad de las ondas cerebrales y la conectividad funcional. La extracción de datos se centró en el diseño del estudio, el tamaño de la muestra, la intensidad del ejercicio, las técnicas de neuroimagen, la actividad de las ondas cerebrales y los resultados de la conectividad funcional. Resultados: Se descubrió que el ejercicio físico de alta intensidad induce cambios significativos en la conectividad funcional dentro de las redes de afecto y recompensa, mejora el estado de ánimo y mejora el rendimiento cognitivo a través de una mayor coherencia y sincronización de las ondas cerebrales. El ejercicio de baja intensidad mejoró principalmente el procesamiento cognitivo y de atención al aumentar la conectividad funcional en estado de reposo en la red frontoparietal. Se demostró que el entrenamiento con neurofeedback mejora la actividad de las ondas cerebrales, reduce los niveles de estrés y aumenta el autocontrol sobre los factores fisiológicos. El enfoque combinado de neurofeedback y ejercicio físico demostró potencial para optimizar el rendimiento físico y mental en los atletas. Conclusión: Los hallazgos indican que el ejercicio de alta intensidad conduce a cambios significativos y prolongados en la conectividad cerebral y el rendimiento cognitivo, mientras que el ejercicio de baja intensidad beneficia el procesamiento cognitivo y atencional. La discusión presenta la teoría de la sinergia del neurofeedback y la aptitud física, que postula que la integración del neurofeedback con el ejercicio físico puede conducir a mejoras óptimas tanto en la aptitud física como en la salud mental. Este enfoque combinado sugiere una estrategia prometedora para mejorar el rendimiento deportivo general y el bienestar mental. Las investigaciones futuras deberían centrarse en medidas estandarizadas y estudios a largo plazo para validar aún más estos hallazgos y explorar los mecanismos neurofisiológicos subyacentes.
Palabra clave: Cerebro, Emociones, Aptitud Física, Cognición, Atletas, Autocontrol
Abstract. Introduction: This systematic review explores the differential impacts of high and low-intensity physical exercise on brain wave activity and functional connectivity in professional athletes. The study aims to elucidate how varying exercise intensities influence cognitive and emotional responses, brain connectivity, and overall mental health. Additionally, it examines the potential synergistic effects of integrating neurofeedback training with physical exercise. Method: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Keywords included "high-intensity exercise," "low-intensity exercise," "brain wave activity," "functional connectivity," "professional athletes," and "cognitive performance." Inclusion criteria were studies published in peer-reviewed journals involving professional athletes and examining the impact of exercise intensity on brain wave activity and functional connectivity. Data extraction focused on study design, sample size, exercise intensity, neuroimaging techniques, brain wave activity, and functional connectivity outcomes. Results: High-intensity physical exercise was found to induce significant changes in functional connectivity within affect and reward networks, enhance mood, and improve cognitive performance through increased brain wave coherence and synchronization. Low-intensity exercise primarily enhanced cognitive and attentional processing by increasing resting-state functional connectivity in the fronto-parietal network. Neurofeedback training was shown to enhance brain wave activity, reduce stress levels, and increase self-control over physiological factors. The combined approach of neurofeedback and physical exercise demonstrated potential for optimizing both mental and physical performance in athletes. Conclusion: The findings indicate that high-intensity exercise leads to significant and prolonged changes in brain connectivity and cognitive performance, while low-intensity exercise benefits cognitive and attentional processing. The discussion introduces the Neurofeedback and Physical Fitness Synergy Theory, which posits that integrating neurofeedback with physical exercise can lead to optimal improvements in both physical fitness and mental health. This combined approach suggests a promising strategy for enhancing overall athletic performance and mental well-being. Future research should focus on standardized measures and long-term studies to further validate these findings and explore the underlying neurophysiological mechanisms.
Keywords: Brain, Emotions, Physical Fitness, Cognition, Athletes, Self-Control
Citas
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