Perspectivas psicológicas sobre la orientación parental para jugadores de fútbol base (Psychological insights into parental guidance for grassroots football players)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.107447Palabras clave:
Base, Fútbol, Padres, Apoyo, Psicología del Deporte.Resumen
El fútbol base es la base del proceso de desarrollo del fútbol de los niños pequeños. Hace hincapié en varios aspectos que son necesarios para el bienestar psicológico de los niños, como el entusiasmo, el estímulo de los entrenadores y el apoyo de los padres. En el proceso de desarrollo de los jugadores de fútbol base, los padres tienen un papel muy importante en el niño, no solo al brindarle apoyo, sino que deben estar de acuerdo con las necesidades del niño en el camino del desarrollo del fútbol. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo proporcionar información sobre el apoyo parental apropiado para los jugadores de fútbol base según las opiniones de los entrenadores. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo hacia la teoría fundamentada para formular la investigación con 25 entrenadores de Indonesia y Malasia que tienen una licencia de entrenador en fútbol y al menos cinco años de experiencia como entrenadores. Los participantes fueron seleccionados mediante un muestreo intencional. Los datos de la investigación se obtuvieron a través de un modelo de entrevista semiestructurada, observaciones de campo y análisis de documentos, que se analizaron utilizando el software N-Vivo 14. Los resultados de la investigación muestran que los padres deben tener sabiduría al apoyar a los jugadores. Los padres deben comprender que el fútbol base es el desarrollo del fútbol en la primera infancia y deben evitar obsesionarse con convertir a sus hijos en jugadores profesionales. Deben brindar apoyo al programa de entrenamiento que ofrece el entrenador, mostrarse siempre positivos y dar reconocimiento a los niños, supervisar los horarios de comida y los patrones de sueño de sus hijos, actualizar el aprendizaje de sus hijos en la escuela/aprendizaje con los entrenadores, limitar y supervisar el uso de dispositivos electrónicos por parte de sus hijos en casa y, lo más importante, ser los principales fanáticos de sus hijos. La colaboración entre entrenadores y padres contribuirá positivamente a aumentar los logros en el fútbol base, y los niños que reciben entrenamiento desde una edad temprana seguirán persiguiendo sus sueños de ser futbolistas profesionales.
Palabras clave: Base, Fútbol, Padres, Apoyo, Psicología del Deporte.
Abstract. Grassroots football is the foundation for young children's football development process. It emphasizes several aspects that are necessary for children's psychological well-being, such as excitement, encouragement from coaches, and parental support. In the process of developing grassroots football players, parents have a very big role in the child, not only in providing support for the child but must be in accordance with the child's needs in the path of football development. This research aims to provide information regarding appropriate parental support for grassroots football players according to coaches' views. A qualitative approach toward grounded theory was used to formulate the research with 25 coaches from Indonesia and Malaysia who have a coaching license in football and at least five years of coaching experience. The participants were selected using purposive sampling. The research data was obtained through a semi-structured interview model, field observations, and document analysis, which were analyzed using N-Vivo 14 software. The research results show that parents should have wisdom in supporting players. Parents need to understand that grassroots football is early childhood football development and should avoid becoming obsessed with making their children professional players. They must provide support for the training program provided by the coach, always be positive by giving appreciation to children, monitor their children's eating times and sleeping patterns, update their children's learning at school/learning with coaches, limit and monitor their children's use of gadgets at home, and most importantly, be the primary fans of their children. Collaboration between coaches and parents will positively contribute to increasing achievement in grassroots football, and children who are coached from an early age will continue to pursue their dreams of professional football.
Keywords: Grassroots, Football, Parent, Support, Sport Psychology.
Citas
An, T., & Zhang, Z. (2021). Exploration on the Role of Football Volunteers in the Development of Grassroots Football. Frontiers in Sport Research, 3(2), 70–73. https://doi.org/10.25236/fsr.2021.030215
Bell, L. G., & Bell, D. C. (2009). Effects of family connection and family individuation. Attachment and Human Development, 11(5), 471–490. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616730903132263
Benítez-Sillero, J. D. D., Martínez-Aranda, L. M., Sanz-Matesanz, M., & Domínguez-Escribano, M. (2021). Determining factors of psychological performance and differences among age categories in youth football players. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(14), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147713
Boddy, C. R. (2015). The sample size for Qualitative Interviews. Qualitative Market Research: An International Jour-nal, 19(2003), 426–432
Boneau, R. D., Richardson, B. K., & McGlynn, J. (2020). “We Are a Football Family”: Making Sense of Parents’ Decisions to Allow Their Children to Play Tackle Football. Communication and Sport, 8(1), 26–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167479518816104
Clarke, & Harwood. (2014). Parenting experiences in elite youth football: A phenomeno- logical study. Psychology. European Journal of Endocrinology, 171(6), 727–735. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.004
Clarke, N. and H. (2016). A Phenomenological Interpretation of the Parent-Child Relationship in Elite Youth Football. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(2), 37. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000052
Cooper, A. (2021). An investigation into the factors affecting player development within each phase of the academy pathway in english football academies. Soccer and Society, 22(5), 429–441. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2020.1822342
Dejonghe, T. (2007). The popularity of football games in the world . Is there a relation with hegemonic power ? Van Christaller Tot Wallerstein, 39–50.
Domínguez-González, J. A., Reigal, R. E., Morales-Sánchez, V., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2024). Analysis of the Sports Psychological Profile, Competitive Anxiety, Self-Confidence and Flow State in Young Football Players. Sports, 12(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports12010020
Donie, D., Aida, A. N., Purnomo, E., Marheni, E., & Yendrizal, Y. (2023). Gambaran Kesehatan Mental Seorang Atlet Sepakbola untuk Menjadi Atlet Berprestasi. Jurnal Patriot, 5(2), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.24036/patriot.v5i2.971
Duggan, C., Mulvenna, C., Hounsell, T., & Fonseca, J. (2021). Exploring Coaching Behaviors and the Relationship to Coaching Philosophy: A Study of Grassroots Soccer Coaches. International Journal of Sport and Society, 12(2), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.18848/2152-7857/CGP/v12i02/137-151
Duncan, M. J., Weldon, A., Barnett, L. M., & Lander, N. (2022). Perceptions and practices of fundamental movement skills in grassroots soccer coaches. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 17(4), 761–771. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541211073547
Eker, E., & Akdeniz, B. (2022). Examination of Separation-Individuation Characteristics on the Relationship between Fanaticism and Agression in Young Adults. OPUS Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 19(48), 603–616. https://doi.org/10.26466/opusjsr.1107721
Elliott, S., Bevan, N., & Litchfield, C. (2020). Parents, girls’ and Australian football: a constructivist grounded theory for attracting and retaining participation. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 12(3), 392–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2019.1602560
Elliott, S., & Drummond, M. (2015). The (limited) impact of sport policy on parental behaviour in youth sport: a qualitative inquiry in junior Australian football. International Journal of Sport Policy and Politics, 7(4), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2014.971850
Elliott, S., & Drummond, M. J. N. (2016). The Influence of Parents on Junior Australian Football Culture. Australian Council For Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 101–109. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296384604
Elliott, S. K., & Drummond, M. J. N. (2013). A socio-cultural exploration of parental involvement in junior Australian rules football. Asia-Pacific Journal of Health, Sport and Physical Education, 4(1), 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/18377122.2013.760426
Elliott, S. K., & Drummond, M. J. N. (2017). Parents in youth sport: what happens after the game? Sport, Education and Society, 22(3), 391–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2015.1036233
Firmansyah, R. I. H., & Yusuf, H. (2023). Level of Understanding of Football Rules for Parents in the SESKOM 2022 Competition. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan Jasmani Dan Keolahragaan, 1(1), 262–269. https://doi.org/10.33503/prosiding_penjas_pjkribu.v1i1.2278
Gangsø, K., Aspvik, N. P., Mehus, I., Høigaard, R., & Sæther, S. A. (2021). Talent development environments in football: Comparing the top-five and bottom-five-ranked football academies in Norway. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031321
Harwood, C., Drew, A., & Knight, C. J. (2010). Parental stressors in professional youth football academies: A qualitative investigation of specialising stage parents. In Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise (Vol. 2, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1080/19398440903510152
Hurley, D., Swann, C., Allen, M. S., & Vella, S. A. (2019). A qualitative evaluation of a mental health literacy intervention for parents delivered through community sport clubs. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 47, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101635
Ioannidis, G. (2019). Football intermediaries and self-regulation: the need for greater transparency through disciplinary law, sanctioning and qualifying criteria. International Sports Law Journal, 19(3–4), 154–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40318-019-00159-2
Jaenes, J. C., Peñaloza, R., Méndez-Ruiz, M. P., Carbajal, N. P.-, & Jaenes-Amarillo, P. I. (2017). Male and female grassroots football players: Yellow, red cards and incidents. What´s the difference? Revista de Psicología Del Deporte/Journal of Sport Psychology, 27(Suplement 3), 66–69.
Kerins, A., Fernandez, M., & Shinew, K. (2017). Parent Coaches’ Experiences and Insights into a Youth Soccer Program. Journal of Amateur Sport, 3(1), 50–78. https://doi.org/10.17161/jas.v0i0.5870
Kirk, D., O’Connor, A., Carlson, T., Burke, P., Davis, K., & Glover, S. (1997). Time Commitments in Junior Sport: Social Consequences for Participants and their Families. European Journal of Physical Education, 2(1), 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/1740898970020105
Knight, C. J., Berrow, S. R., & Harwood, C. G. (2017). Parenting in sport. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.011
Kramers, S., Thrower, S. N., Steptoe, K., & Harwood, C. G. (2023). Parental strategies for supporting children’s psychosocial development within and beyond elite sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 35(3), 498–520. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2022.2043486
Larsen, T., Van Hoye, A., Tjomsland, H. E., Holsen, I., Wold, B., Heuzé, J. P., Samdal, O., & Sarrazin, P. (2015). Creating a supportive environment among youth football players: A qualitative study of French and Norwegian youth grassroots football coaches. Health Education, 115(6), 570–586. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-04-2014-0054
Lebar, O. (2021). Penyelidikan Kualitatif: Pengenalan Kepada Teori dan Metode Edisi Kedua. Tanjung Malim: Uni-versiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.
Lusted, J., & O’Gorman, J. (2010). The impact of New Labour’s modernisation agenda on the English grass-roots football workforce. Managing Leisure, 15(1–2), 140–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/13606710903448236
Marheni, E., Cahyani, F. I., & Purnomo, E. (2019). Implementation of Motor Learning on Social Skills in Children. Advances in Health Sciences Research, Volume 35 Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Sport Sciences, Health and Tourism (ICSSHT 2019) Implementation, 35, 83–87. https://doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.210130.016
Marheni, E., Purnomo, E., & Cahyani, F. I. (2018). The Role of Motivation in Increasing Achievement : Perspective Sports Psychology. Advances in Health Science Research (AHSR), Volume 7 2nd International Conference on Sports Sciences and Health 2018 (ICSSH 2018) The, 7, 59–62. https://doi.org/10.2991/icssh-18.2019.14
Mills, A., Butt, J., Maynard, I., & Harwood, C. (2012). Identifying factors perceived to influence the development of elite youth football academy players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30(15), 1593–1604. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.710753
Nation, A. D., Nelson, N. G., Yard, E. E., Comstock, R. D., & McKenzie, L. B. (2011). Football-related injuries among 6- to 17-year-olds treated in US emergency departments, 1990-2007. Clinical Pediatrics, 50(3), 200–207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0009922810388511
Nerland, E., & Sæther, S. A. (2016). Norwegian Football Academy Players-Players Self-Assessed Competence, Perfectionism, Goal Orientations and Motivational Climate. Sport Mont 14, 2, 7–11.
Newport, R. A., Knight, C. J., & Love, T. D. (2021). The youth football journey: parents’ experiences and recommendations for support. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 13(6), 1006–1026. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2020.1833966
O’Gorman, J., & Greenough, K. (2016). Children’s voices in mini soccer: an exploration of critical incidents. Soccer and Society, 17(6), 810–826. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2015.1100896
Ordeix, L., Viladrich, C., & Alcaraz, S. (2023). Comparing three observation instruments of the coach’s behaviour in grassroots football. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 18(6), 1901–1912. https://doi.org/10.1177/17479541231189647
Palou, P., Pulido, D., Borràs, P. A., & Ponseti, F. J. (2020). Analysis of parents’ behaviour in grassroots football from a systematic observation. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 15(2), 387–399. https://doi.org/10.14198/jhse.2020.152.13
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Purnomo, E., Ma’mum, A., Kusmaedi, N., Hendrayana, Y., Jermaina, N., Amirudin, A., Fitryona, N., & Sari, D. M. (2024). Integration of Social Values Through Sport. Retos, 2041, 144–153. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v52.102459
Purnomo, E., Ma’mun, A., Kusmaedi, N., Hendrayana, Y., Hidayat, Y., Jermaina, N., & Marheni, E. (2021). Profile: Interpersonal communication skills for future coaches. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(5), 964–972. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090518
Purnomo, E., Marheni, E., & Jermaina, N. (2020). Tingkat Kepercayaan Diri Atlet Remaja. JOSEPHA Journal of Sport Science and Physical Education, 1(2), 1–7. https://journal.stkippamanetalino.ac.id/index.php/JOSEPHA/index
Reeves, M. J., Enright, K. J., Dowling, J., & Roberts, S. J. (2018). Stakeholder’s understanding and perceptions of bio-banding in junior-elite football training. Tourism Recreation Research, 19. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/8705/
Rohner, R. P., Khalewue, A., & Cournoyer, D. E. (2012). Introduction to Parental Acceptance-Rejection Theory, Methods, Evidence, and Implications. Introduction to PARTheory, 9(3), 88–113.
Rossing, N. N., Mogensen, C. G., Pedersen, M. M., & Martin, L. J. (2022). Coincidence and conditions: An in-depth case study of a successful age group within a grassroots football club. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(3), 585–604. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1862359
Sampol, P. P., Salas, D. P., Rotger, P. A. B., & Verdaguer, F. J. P. (2019). A socioeducational intervention about parental attitudes in grassroots football and its effects. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(13), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133500
Smokowski, P. R., Bacallao, M. L., Cotter, K. L., & Evans, C. B. R. (2014). The Effects of Positive and Negative Parenting Practices on Adolescent Mental Health Outcomes in a Multicultural Sample of Rural Youth. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 46(3), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0474-2
Solhaug, M., Høigaard, R., & Sæther, S. A. (2021). The balancing act of combining school and football in the transition from a non-professional club into junior-elite academy football. Scandinavian Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 3, 40–46. https://doi.org/10.7146/sjsep.v3i.128322
Søvik, M. L., Larsen, T., Tjomsland, H. E., Samdal, O., & Wold, B. (2017). Barriers in Implementing Coach Education in Grassroots Youth Football in Norway. International Sport Coaching Journal, 4(2), 162–176. https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2016-0106
Stone, L. L., Otten, R., Soenens, B., Engels, R. C. M. E., & Janssens, J. M. A. M. (2015). Relations Between Parental and Child Separation Anxiety: The Role of Dependency-Oriented Psychological Control. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(11), 3192–3199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-015-0122-x
Sugiyama, M., Khoo, S., & Hess, R. (2017). Grassroots football development in Japan. International Journal of the History of Sport, 34(17–18), 1854–1871. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2017.1340881
Thurmond, V. A. (2001). The point of triangulation. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(3), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1547-5069.2001.00253.x
Tjomsland, H. E., Larsen, T. M. B., Holsen, I., Ronglan, L. T., Samdal, O., & Wold, B. (2015). Enjoyment in youth soccer: Its portrayals among twelve to fourteen-year-olds. Soccer & Society, 17, 827–842. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2015.1100894
Vaughan, J., Mallett, C. J., Potrac, P., López-Felip, M. A., & Davids, K. (2021). Football, Culture, Skill Development and Sport Coaching: Extending Ecological Approaches in Athlete Development Using the Skilled Intentionality Framework. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(July), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.635420
West, L. (2016). Coach-Athlete Communication: Coaching Style, Leadership Characteristics, and Psychological Outcomes. Master of Education in Human Movement, Sport, and Leisure Studies Graduate Projects., 1–71. https://scholarworks.bgsu.edu/hmsls_mastersprojects/16
Whalen, L. (2020). Parental perceptions of the risks and rewards of youth tackle football. Digital Commons - Wayne State University, 1–15. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2019-68369-130&site=ehost-live
Williamson, T., & Long, A. (2005). Qualitative data analysis using data displays. Nurse Researcher, 12(3), 7–19. https://doi.org/10.7748/nr2005.01.12.3.7.c5944
White, P. E., Register-Mihalik, J., Donaldson, A., Sullivan, S. J., & Finch, C. F. (2017). Concussion guideline implementation perceptions and experiences among parents of community-level Australian Football junior players. BMJ Open Sport and Exercise Medicine, 3(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000215
Yngvar Ommundsen, Abrahamsen, F., Glyn C. Roberts, & Pierre-Nicolas Lemyre. (2013). The role of motivational climate for sense of vitality in organized youth grassroots football players: Do harmonious and obsessive types of passion play a mediating role? IJASS(International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences), 25(2), 102–117. https://doi.org/10.24985/ijass.2013.25.2.102
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
