Análisis observacional de la interacción entre lanzador y portero en tandas de penaltis de competiciones internacionales de selecciones (Observational analysis of the interaction between kicker and goalkeeper in penalty shootouts in international national team competitions)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.107347Palabras clave:
Metodología observacional; tanda de penaltis; interacción, análisis diacrónico.Resumen
En el seno de la metodología observacional el presente artículo analiza la interacción jugador-portero que se produce en lanzamientos (n=120) correspondientes a tandas de penaltis de competiciones internacionales de selecciones -Eurocopa 2021, Copa América 2021, Copa Asia 2019 y Copa África 2019-, tomando en consideración la zona de la portería a la que se dirige el lanzamiento. El registro y la codificación de los datos se ha realizado mediante el software LINCE, versión 1.4. El registro se vertebra, de forma diacrónica, a partir de cuatro critical frames en el lanzamiento de penalti y recoge también conditional frames que reflejan la interacción entre el lanzador y el portero. Se ha garantizado la fiabilidad de los registros mediante concordancia intra-observador. A partir de la teoría de la generalizabilidad, se ha avalado el número de penaltis con el que se ha realizado la presente investigación; y se aportan evidencias de validez del instrumento de observación. Se han realizado dos análisis de datos: sincrónico -V de Cramer y residuos ajustados- y diacrónico -detección de T-patterns-. Los resultados señalan como especialmente relevante: la información aportada por las dimensiones “acciones previas del portero al lanzamiento” -por la que el portero puede influir en la conducta del lanzador-; la combinación de las dimensiones “orientación del pie de apoyo” y “posición del brazo contrario al pie de golpeo del lanzador” para intentar predecir la zona de la portería a la que irá dirigido el lanzamiento; y la tendencia del jugador, en tandas de penalti, a lanzar a su lado natural. El sistema de observación diseñado se presenta como una herramienta valiosa para que técnicos y porteros puedan preparar las tandas de desempate.
Palabras clave: Metodología observacional; tanda de penaltis; interacción, análisis diacrónico.
Abstract. Within the observational methodology, this article analyzes the kicker-goalkeeper interaction (n=120) that occurs in penalty shootouts in international national team competitions -European Championship´21, Copa América´21, Asian Cup´19, Africa Cup of Nations´19-, taking into consideration the area of the goal to which the shot is directed. The recording and coding of the data was carried out using LINCE software, version 1.4. The recording is structured in a diachronic way from four critical frames in the penalty shootout and also includes conditional frames that reflect the interaction between the kicker and the goalkeeper. The reliability of the records has been guaranteed through intra-observer agreement. Based on the theory of generalizability, the number of penalties with which the present investigation has been carried out has been guaranteed; and evidence of the validity of the observation instrument is provided. Two data analyses have been carried out: synchronic -Cramer's V and adjusted residuals- and diachronic -detection of T-patterns-. The results point out as particularly relevant: the information provided by the dimensions “goalkeeper's actions prior to the shot” -through which the goalkeeper can influence the behavior of the kicker-; the combination of the dimensions “orientation of the supporting foot” and “position of the arm opposite to the kicker's skilled foot” to try to predict the area of the goal to which the kick will be directed; and the tendency of the player, in penalty shootouts, to kick to his natural side. The observation system is presented as a valuable tool for coaches and goalkeepers to prepare for shootouts.
Keywords: observational methodology; penalty shootout; interaction, diachronic analysis.
Citas
Amatria, M., Lapresa, D., Arana, J., Anguera, M.T., & Jonsson, G.K. (2017). Detection and Selection of Behavioral Patterns Using Theme: A Concrete Example in Grassroots Soccer. Sports, 5(1), 20. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.3390/sports5010020
Amatria, M., Maneiro, R., Moral, J.E., & López, S. (2023). El “cambio de orientación” como medio facilitador del éxito en el fútbol. Retos, 48, 519-526. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v48.96657
Apesteguia, J., & Palacios-Huerta, I. (2010). Psychological pressure in competitive environments: Evidence from a ran-domized natural experiment. American Economic Review, 100(5), 2548-2564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.5.2548
Arana, J., Lapresa, D., Anguera, M.T., & Garzón, B. (2016). Ad hoc procedure for optimizing agreement between ob-servational records. Anales de Psicología, 32(2), 589-595. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.2.213551
Bakeman, R. (1978). Untangling streams of behavior: Sequential analysis of observation data. En G.P. Sackett (Ed.), Observing Behavior (Vol. 2, pp. 63-78). University of Park Press.
Bakeman, R., & Quera, V. (1995). Analyzing interaction: Sequential analysis with SDIS and GSEQ. Cambridge University Press.
Barbero, J.R., Lapresa, D., Arana, J., & Anguera, M.T. (2023). An observational analysis of kicker-goalkeeper interac-tion in penalties between national football teams in international competitions. International Journal of Performance Anal-ysis in Sport. 23(3), 196-212. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2023.2214969
Bar-Eli, M., Azar, O.H., Ritov, I., Keidar-Levin, Y., & Schein, G. (2007). Action bias among elite soccer goalkeepers: the case of penalty kicks. Journal of Economic Psychology, 28(5), 606-621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2006.12.001
Blanco-Villaseñor, A., Sastre, S., & Escolano, E. (2010). Desarrollo ejecutivo temprano y teoría de la generalizabilidad: bebes típicos y prematuros. Psicothema, 22(2), 221-226.
Buscà, B., Hileno, R., Nadal, B., & Serna, J. (2022). Prediction of the penalty kick direction in men’s soccer. Internation-al Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 22(4), 571-582. http://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2022.2097834
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316446002000104
Crewson, P. (2006). Applied statistics handbook. AcaStat Software.
Cronbach, L.J., Gleser, G.C., Nanda, H., & Rajaratnam, N. (1972). The dependability of behavioral measurements: Theory of generalizability for scores and profiles. Wiley.
Furley, P., Noël, B., & Memmert, D. (2017). Attention towards the goalkeeper and distraction during penalty shootouts in association football: A retrospective analysis of penalty shootouts from 1984-2012. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(9), 873-879. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1195912.
Gabín, B., Camerino, O., Anguera, M.T., & Castañer, M. (2012). Lince: multiplatform sport analysis software. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46, 4692–4694.
Garzón, B., Lapresa, D., Anguera, M.T. y Arana, J. (2011). Análisis observacional del lanzamiento de tiro libre en juga-dores de baloncesto base. Psicothema, 23(4), 851-857.
Haberman, S.J. (1973). The Analysis of Residuals in Cross-Classified Tables. Biometrics, 29, 205-220.
Hunter, A., Murphy, S., Angilletta, M., & Wilson, R. (2018). Anticipating the direction of soccer penalty shots depends on the speed and technique of the kick. Sports, 6(3), 73. http://doi.org/10.3390/sports6030073
Jordet, G., & Elferink-Gemser, MT. (2012) Stress, Coping, and Emotions on the World Stage: The Experience of Par-ticipating in a Major Soccer Tournament Penalty Shootout, Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 24(1), 73-91, http://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2011.619000
Jordet, G., Hartman, E., Visscher, C., & Lemmink, K.A. (2007). Kicks from the penalty mark in soccer: The roles of stress, skill, and fatigue for kick outcomes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 25(2), 121-129. http://doi.org/10.1080/02640410600624020
Kal, E.C., Van der Kamp, J., & Houdijk, H. (2013). External attentional focus enhances movement automatization: a comprehensive test of the constrained action hypothesis. Human Movement Science, 32(4), 527-539. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2013.04.001
Kurz, J., Hegele, M., & Munzert, J. (2018) Gaze behavior in a natural environment with a task-relevant distractor: how the presence of a goalkeeper distracts the penalty taker. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 19. http://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00019
Landis, J.R., & Koch, G.G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33, 159-174. http://doi.org/10.2307/2529310
Lapresa, D., Anguera, M.T., Alsasua, R., Arana, J., & Garzón, B. (2013). Comparative analysis of T-patterns using real time data and simulated data by assignment of conventional durations: the construction of efficacy in children's bas-ketball. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 13(2), 321-339. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2013.11868651
Lapresa, D., Arana, J., Anguera, M.T., & Garzón, B. (2013). Comparative analysis of the sequentiality using SDIS-GSEQ and THEME: a concrete example in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(15), 1687-1695. http://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.796061
Laurin, R., & Pellet, J. (2023). Affective responses mediate the body language of penalty daker – decision-making rela-tionship from soccer goalkeepers. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 95(1), 227-234. http://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2023.2189466
Lees, A., & Nolan, L. (2002). Three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the instep kick under speed and accuracy condi-tions. En W. Spinks, T. Reilly & A. Murphy (Eds.), Science and football IV (pp. 16-21). Routledge.
Levanon, J., & Dapena, J. (1998) Comparison of the kinematics of the full-instep and pass kicks in soccer. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 30(6), 917-927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199806000-00022.
Lopes, J.E., Araújo, D., Duarte, R., Davids, K., & Fernandes, O. (2012). Instructional constraints on movement and performance of players in the penalty kick. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 12(2), 331-345. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2012. 11868602
Lopes, J.E., Jacobs, D.M., Travieso, D., & Araújo, D. (2014). Predicting the lateral direction of deceptive and non-deceptive penalty kicks in football from the kinematics of the kicker. Human Movement Science, 36, 199-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2014.04.004
López-Botella, M., & Palao, J.M. (2007) Relationship between laterality of foot strike and shot zone on penalty efficacy in specialist penalty takers, International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 7(3), 26-36. http://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2007.11868407
Magnusson, M.S. (1996). Hidden real-time patterns in intra- and inter-individual behavior. European Journal of Psychologi-cal Assessment, 12(2), 112-123. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.12.2.112
Mann, D.T., Williams, A.M., Ward, P., & Janelle, C.M. (2007) Perceptual-cognitive expertise in sport: a meta-analysis. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 29(4), 457-478. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.29.4.457
McGarry, T., & Franks, I.M. (2000). On winning the penalty shoot-out in soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18(6), 401-409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640410050074331
Nadal, C.G., Serna, J., Nuviala, R., & Falcón, D. (2018). Diseño de un instrumento observacional para la valoración del penalti en fútbol y análisis de los resultados obtenidos. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 27(2), 189-199.
Navarro, M., Van der Kamp, J., Ranvaud, R., & Savelsbergh, G. J. (2013). The mere presence of a goalkeeper affects the accuracy of penalty kicks. Journal of Sports Sciences, 31(9), 921-929. http://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.762602
Navia, J. A., Dicks, M., Van der Kamp, J., & Ruiz, L. M. (2017). Gaze control during interceptive actions with different spatiotemporal demands. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 43(4), 783-793. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000347
Navia, J., & Ruiz, L. (2014). Análisis de la complejidad perceptivo-motriz y psicológica del penalti en el fútbol. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte, 10(37) 264-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.5232/ricyde2014.03706
Noël, B., Van der Kamp, J., & Klatt, S. (2021). The Interplay of Goalkeepers and Penalty Takers Affects Their Chances of Success. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.645312
Palacios-Huerta, I. (2003). Professionals Play Minimax. The Review of Economic Studies, 70(2), 395-415. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-937X.00249
Palacios-Huerta, I. (2014). Beautiful game theory: how soccer can help economics. Princeton University Press.
Palao, J.M., López-Montero, M., & López-Botella, M. (2010). Relationship between efficacy, laterality of foot strike, and shot zone of the penalty in relation to competition level in soccer of the penalty in relation to competition level in soccer]. Revista Internacional de Ciencias del Deporte, 6(19), 154-165. http://doi.org/10.5232/ ricyde2010.01905
PatternVision Ltd, & Noldus Information Technology bv (2004). Theme, powerful tool for detection and analysis of hidden patterns in behaviour. Reference manual, version 5.0. Noldus Information Technology bv.
Pinheiro, G.S., Jin, X., Costa, V.T.D., & Lames, M., (2022). Body pose estimation integrated with notational analysis: a new approach to analyze penalty kicks strategy in elite football. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 4, 818556. http://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2022.818556
Prieto-Lage, I., Artigues-Ribas, L., & Gutiérrez-Santiago, A. (2020). Patrones técnico-tácticos del lanzador y el portero en los penales de la liga española de fútbol durante la temporada 2016-17 mediante T-patterns y coordenadas polares. Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte, 20(1), 166-180.
Prieto-Lage, I., Argibay-González, J.C., Bezerra, P., Cidre-Fuentes, P., Reguera-López de la Osa, X., & Gutiérrez-Santiago, A. (2024). Analysis of penalty kick performance in the spanish football league: A longitudinal study. Applied Sciences, 14(16), 7046. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14167046
Savelsbergh, G.J.P., Van der Kamp, J., Williams, A.M., & Ward, P. (2005). Anticipation and visual search behaviour in expert soccer goalkeepers. Ergonomics, 48, 1686-1697. http://doi.org/10.1080/00140130500 101346
Savelsbergh, G.J.P., Williams, A.M., Van Der Kamp, J., & Ward, P. (2002). Visual search, anticipation and expertise in soccer goalkeepers. Journal of Sports Sciences, 20(3), 279-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/026404102317284826
Terroba, M., Ribera, J.M., Lapresa, D., Anguera, M.T. (2021). Education intervention using a ground robot with pro-grammed directional controls: observational analysis of the development of computational thinking in early childhood education. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 26(2), 143-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psicod.2021.03.001
Van der Kamp, J. (2006). A field simulation study of the effectiveness of penalty kick strategies in soccer: late alterations of kick direction increase errors and reduce accuracy. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(05), 467-477. http://doi.org/10.1080/02640410500190841
Williams, A.M., Davids, K., & Williams, J.G. (1999). Visual Perception and Action in Sport. E & FN Spon.
Ysewijn, P. (1996). About Software for Generalizability Studies (GT). Mimeograph.
Zheng, R., de Reus, C., & Van der Kamp, J. (2021). Goalkeeping in the soccer penalty kick: the dive is coordinated to the kicker’s non-kicking leg placement, irrespective of time constraints. Human Movement Science, 76, 102763. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2021.102763
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
