Observación del estado de retraso en el crecimiento con las habilidades motoras de niños pequeños ( Observation of stunting status with the motor skills of toddler children)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v59.107159Palabras clave:
Locomotor skills, Object control skills, Basic motor skills, Nutritional status., Children DevelopmentResumen
Antecedentes: El estornudo es una condición del crecimiento del niño causada por la malnutrición crónica que dura durante un largo período de tiempo. Esta condición puede causar un crecimiento físico retrasado y retrasos en el desarrollo de habilidades motrices finas, habilidades motoras brutas, lenguaje y habilidades sociales personales en los niños. Las buenas habilidades motoras permiten a los niños realizar actividades diarias y tienen un gran impacto en el futuro del niño. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar las habilidades motrices de los niños diagnosticados con estancamiento. Método: Esta investigación aplica un enfoque cuantitativo descriptivo con un diseño de investigación transversal, con una muestra compuesta de dos grupos de niños (hijos/hijas) con un total de 31 niños con criterios de edad de 3 a 5 años: el grupo diagnosticado con estuntamiento masculino (N =12) y el grupo de estuntamientos femeninos (N=19). Las habilidades motrices de los niños se medieron utilizando el test de habilidades motoras TGMD-2 (Test of Gross Motor Development-2), que se ha probado para la validez y fiabilidad. Se utilizó la prueba Shapiro-Wilkoxon para comprobar la distribución normal de los datos. Resultados: Los resultados del estudio mostraron que había una diferencia significativa entre los niños varones y las mujeres diagnosticados con estuntamiento (P<0.05). Los niños diagnosticados con estornudo femenino tienen habilidades motrices más bajas con un promedio de cuantitativo motor bruto de x̄87, mientras que los niños con un diagnóstico de quintitativo tienen un cuantum motorbruto de X̄85.9. En los niños del sexo masculino, el mayor rendimiento fue en la habilidad de movimiento de golpes con un valor de ±4,25, mientras que el menor rendimiento se produjo en el galope con un valore de 2,00. Para las niñas con estancamiento, el mayor rendimiento fue en la habilidad de control de objetos golpeando una bola estacionaria con un valor de ±3.53, mientras que el rendimiento más bajo fue en el galope de habilidad con un valore de ≤1.32. En términos de habilidades motoras, los niños normales realizan mejores resultados que las niñas en saltos, saltos y deslizamientos (P<0.05). En lo que respecta a las habilidades motoras, los niños con trastornos de movimiento masculino obtuvieron mejores resultados que las mujeres (P<0.05). Conclusión:En este estudio, los niños con el mismo estado nutricional y diferentes géneros (hijos/hijas) mostraron ciertas características en las habilidades motrices básicas (FMS), lo que indica que estaban influenciados por el estado nutritivo y el género. Los niños y las niñas con estado de estancamiento tienden a tener habilidades inferiores en la realización de algunas características de procesos de algunas habilidades que otras, pero pueden desempeñar mejor en otras habilidades. Esto sugiere que ciertos grupos de población pueden requerir un enfoque especial en las intervenciones para mejorar sus niveles básicos de habilidad motora. La investigación adicional proporcionará mayor claridad para mejorar las intervenciones dirigidas a las habilidades motrices básicas.
Palabras clave: Habilidades locomotoras; Habilidades de control de objetos; Habilidades motrices básicas; Niño; Desarrollo; Estado nutricional.
Abstract. Background: Stunting is a condition of child growth caused by chronic malnutrition that lasts for a long period of time. This condition can cause slowed physical growth and delays in the development of fine motor skills, gross motor skills, language and personal social skills in children. Good motor skills enable children to carry out daily activities and have a big impact on the child's future. This study aims to evaluate the motor skills of children diagnosed with stunting. Method: This research applies a descriptive quantitative approach with a cross-sectional research design, with a sample consisting of two groups of children (boys/girls) with a total sample of 31 children with criteria aged 3 to 5 years: the group diagnosed with male stunting (N =12) and female stunting group (N=19). Children's motor skills were measured using the TGMD-2 (Test of Gross Motor Development-2) motor skills test which has been tested for validity and reliability. The Shapiro-Wilkoxon test was used to check normal data distribution. Results: The results of the study showed that there was a significant difference between male and female children diagnosed with stunting (P<0.05). Children diagnosed with female stunting have lower motor skills with an average Gross Motor Quontient x̄87, while boys diagnosed with stunting have a Gross Motor Quontient of x̄85.9. In male stunting children, the highest performance was in the kick movement skill with a value of ±4.25, while the lowest performance was in the gallop skill with a value of ±2.00. For girls with stunting, the highest performance was in the object control skill Stricking a stationary ball with a value of ±3.53, while the lowest performance was in the gallop skill with a value of ±1.32. In terms of motor skills, normal boys performed better than girls in jumping, hopping, and sliding (P<0.05). In terms of motor skills, male stunted children performed better than female stunted children (P<0.05). Conclusion:In this study, children with the same nutritional status and different genders (boys/girls) showed certain characteristics in basic motor skills (FMS), indicating that they were influenced by nutritional status and gender. Boys and girls with stunting status tend to have lower abilities in carrying out some process characteristics of some skills than others, but may perform better in other skills. This suggests that certain population groups may require a special focus on interventions to improve their basic motor skill levels. Further research will provide greater clarity for improving interventions targeted at basic motor skills.
Keywords: Locomotor skills; Object control skills; Basic motor skills; Children; Development; Nutritional status.
Citas
Águila Soto, C., & José López Vargas, J. (2019). Cuerpo, corporeidad y educación: una mirada reflexiva desde la Educación Física Body, corporeality and education: a reflective look from Physical Education (Vol. 35). Retrieved from www.retos.org
Akombi, B.J., Agho, KE, Hall, J.J., Merom, D., Astell-Burt, T., & Renzaho, A.M.N. (2017). Stunting and severe stunting among children under-5 years in Nigeria: A multilevel analysis. BMC Pediatrics, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-016-0770-z
Anastasia, A., Anggraini, N., Yusril, A., Bastyan, I., Herfizal, LN, & Hardjati, S. (2024). CHILDREN'S PARENTING AS A STUNTING PREVENTION MEASURE THROUGH THE GREAT PARENTS SCHOOL PROGRAM. 6(2020), 2492–2501.
Antunes Moura, RT, Bueno, NB, Silva-Neto, LGR, Pureza, IR de OM, Silva, MGV da, Cabral, MJ, & Florêncio, TM de MT (2022). Red propolis supplementation does not decrease acute respiratory events in stunted preschool children: A paired nonrandomized clinical trial. ESPEN Clinical Nutrition, 50, 264–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.05.005
Arini, D., Mayasari, AC, & Rustam, MZA (2019). Motor and Cognitive Development Disorders in Toodler Children with Stunting in the Coastal Area of Surabaya. Journal of Health Science and Prevention, 3(2), 122–128.
Arruda, RCBF de, Tassitano, RM, da Silva Brito, AL, de Sousa Martins, OS, Cabral, PC, & de Castro Antunes, MM (2022). Physical activity, sedentary time and nutritional status in Brazilian children with cerebral palsy. Jornal de Pediatria, 98(3), 303–309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2021.07.005
Aye, T., Kuramoto-Ahuja, T., Sato, T., Sadakiyo, K., Watanabe, M., & Maruyama, H. (2018). Gross motor skill development of kindergarten children in Japan. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 30(5), 711–715. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.30.711
Bakhtiar, S. (2014). Fundamental motorbike skills among 6-year-old children in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Asian Social Science, 10(5), 155–158. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v10n5p155
Bangelesa, F., Hatløy, A., Mbunga, BK, Mutombo, PB, Matina, MK, Akilimali, PZ, … Mapatano, MA (2023). Is stunting in children under five associated with the state of vegetation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo? Secondary analysis of Demographic Health Survey data and the satellite-derived leaf area index. Heliyon, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13453
Chaeroni, A., Komaini, A., Pranoto, NW, & Antoni, D. (2022). The Effect of Physical Activity Programs and School Environments on Movement Activities and Mental Health. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(2), 131–137. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100201
Corrêa, E.M., Gallo, C. de O., Antunes, J.L.F., & Jaime, P.C. (2023). The tendency of stunting among children under five in the Northern Region of Brazil, according to the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System, 2008-2017. Jornal de Pediatria, 99(2), 120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2022.07.006
Dapp, L. C., Gashaj, V., & Roebers, C. M. (2021). Physical activity and motor skills in children: A differentiated approach. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 54(February), 101916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2021.101916
Engel, A., Hardy, L., Broderick, C., van Doorn, N., Ward, R., Kwai, N., & Parmenter, B. (2022). Effect of a Fundamental Motor Skills Intervention on Fundamental Motor Skills and Physical Activity in a Preschool Setting: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatric Exercise Science, 34(2), 57–66. https://doi.org/10.1123/PES.2021-0021
Fonseka, R.W., McDougal, L., Raj, A., Reed, E., Lundgren, R., Urada, L., & Silverman, J.G. (2022). Measuring the impacts of maternal child marriage and maternal intimate partner violence and the moderating effects of proximity to conflict on stunting among children under 5 in post-conflict Sri Lanka. SSM - Population Health, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2022.101074
Fufa, D. A. (2022). Determinants of stunting in children under five years in dibate district of Ethiopia: A case-control study. Human Nutrition and Metabolism, 30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hnm.2022.200162
Ghadiri, F., Bahmani, M., Paulson, S., & Sadeghi, H. (2022). Effects of fundamental movement skills based dual-task and dance training on single- and dual-task walking performance in older women with dementia. Geriatric Nursing, 45, 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gerinurse.2022.03.003
Griffiths, A., Toovey, R., Morgan, P. E., & Spittle, A. J. (2018). Psychometric properties of gross motor assessment tools for children: A systematic review. BMJ Open, 8(10), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021734
Haris, F., Alnedral, Taufan, J., Aulia, F., & Gusril. (2023). The effect of Motor Coordination Learning (MCL) based on a combination of e-book and QR-Code media with sign language to improve Basic Movement Skills (BMS) in deaf children: An inclusion education research. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(12), 3349–3355. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.12383
Henrique, PPB, Perez, F.M.P., Dorneles, G., Peres, A., Korb, A., Elsner, V., & De Marchi, A.C.B. (2023). Exergame and/or conventional training-induced neuroplasticity and cognitive improvement by engaging epigenetic and inflammatory modulation in elderly women: A randomized clinical trial. Physiology and Behavior, 258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113996
Ihsan, N., Tri Mario, D., & Mardesia, P. (2023). The effect of learning methods and motor skills on the learning outcomes of basic techniques in volleyball. Journal of Physical Education and Sport ® (JPES), 23(9), 2453–2460. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.09282
Kofinti, R.E., Koomson, I., Paintsil, J.A., & Ameyaw, E.K. (2022). Reducing children's malnutrition by increasing mothers' health insurance coverage: A focus on stunting and underweight across 32 sub-Saharan African countries. Economic Modelling, 117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2022.106049
Komaini, A., & Mardela, R. (2018). Differences of Fundamental Motor Skills Stunting and Non Stunting Preschool Children in Kindergarten in North Padang. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 335(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/335/1/012131
Konyole, SO, Omollo, SA, Kinyuru, JN, Owuor, BO, Estambale, BB, Ritz, C., … Grenov, B. (2023). Associations between Stunting, Wasting and Body Composition: A Longitudinal Study in 6- to 15-Month-Old Kenyan Children. Journal of Nutrition, 153(4), 970–978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.02.014
Leroy, J. L., & Frongillo, E. A. (2019). Perspective: What Does Stunting Really Mean? A Critical Review of the Evidence. Advances in Nutrition, 10(2), 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmy101
Lewis, J.I., Friis, H., Mupere, E., Wells, J.C., & Grenov, B. (2023). Calibration of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis Against Deuterium Dilution for Body Composition Assessment in Stunted Ugandan Children. Journal of Nutrition, 153(2), 426–434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.12.028
Lopes, V.P., Martins, S.R., Gonçalves, C., Cossio-Bolaños, M.A., Gómez-Campos, R., & Rodrigues, L.P. (2022). Motor competence predicts self-esteem during childhood in typical developing children. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102256
López-Valenciano, A., Ayala, F., De Ste Croix, M., Barbado, D., & Vera-Garcia, F.J. (2019). Different neuromuscular parameters influence dynamic balance in male and female football players. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 27(3), 962–970. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-018-5088-y
Luengo, M.H., Álvarez-Bueno, C., Pozuelo-Carrascosa, D.P., Berlanga-Macías, C., Martínez-Vizcaíno, V., & Notario-Pacheco, B. (2019). Relationship between breast feeding and motor development in children: Protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open, 9(9). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029063
Mastuti, NLPH, & Indahwati, L. (2021). The Effect of Stunting on the Development of Fine Motor, Gross Motor, Language and Social Personality in Toddlers Aged 2-5 Years in Madiredo Village, Pujon District, Malang Regency. Journal of Issues In Midwifery, 5(3), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.joim.2021.005.03.2
McCoy, S. W., Palisano, R., Avery, L., Jeffries, L., Laforme Fiss, A., Chiarello, L., & Hanna, S. (2020). Physical, occupational, and speech therapy for children with cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 62(1), 140–146. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.14325
Michel, E., & Molitor, S. (2022). Fine motor skill automatization and working memory in children with and without potential fine motor impairments: An exploratory study. Human Movement Science, 84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2022.102968
Niemistö, D., Finni, T., Haapala, E.A., Cantell, M., & Sääkslahti, A. (2019). Environmental correlates of motor skills in children – the Skilled Kids Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16, 1–17.
Oberer, N., Gashaj, V., & Roebers, C. M. (2017). Motor skills in kindergarten: Internal structure, cognitive correlates and relationships to background variables. Human Movement Science, 52, 170–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2017.02.002
Oktavia, D., Bali, M., Rahman, H., Umar, U., Syakroni, A., & Widat, F. (2019). Exploration of Fine Motor Skills through the Application of Paint. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.8-12-2018.2284038
Opie, G.M., Pourmajidian, M., Ziemann, U., & Semmler, J.G. (2020). Investigating the influence of paired-associative stimulation on multi-session skill acquisition and retention in older adults. Clinical Neurophysiology, 131(7), 1497–1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2020.04.010
Phytanza, D.T.P., Burhaein, E., & Pavlovic, R. (2021). Gross motor skills levels in children with autism spectrum disorder during the covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(4), 738–745. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090418
Pranoto, NW, Chaeroni, A., Rifki, MS, Ilham, & Susanto, N. (2023). The Effects of Inactivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Psychomotor Skills of Kindergarten Students. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 11(2). https://doi.org/10.52547/aassjournal.1162
Pranoto, NW, Ma'mun, A., Mulyana, M., & Kusmaedi, N. (2021). The effect of fundamental motor skills intervention program on kindergarten students. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 9(3), 583–589. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2021.090326
Pranoto, NW, Sibomana, A., Ndayisenga, J., Chaeroni, A., Fauziah, V., Susanto, N., … Rayendra, R. (2023). Development of a disaster mitigation learning program for kindergarten students through physical fun games. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(12), 3228–3234. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.12369
Sadler, K., James, P.T., Bhutta, Z.A., Briend, A., Isanaka, S., Mertens, A., … Wells, J.C. (2022). How Can Nutrition Research Better Reflect the Relationship Between Wasting and Stunting in Children? Learnings from the Wasting and Stunting Project. Journal of Nutrition, 152(12), 2645–2651. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxac091
Sah, O., Maguire, A., & Zohoori, F. V. (2022). Fractional urinary fluoride excretion and nail fluoride concentrations in normal, wasted and stunted 4–5 year-old children in Nepal. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtemb.2021.126876
Saidmamatov, O.A., Nascimento, M.M., Cerqueira, J.C., Rodrigues, P., & Vasconcelos, O. (2022). Motor skills training programs for children with developmental coordination disorder: Does gender matter? Neuropsychiatrie de l'Enfance et de l'Adolescence, 70(4), 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurenf.2022.03.001
Singh, K.J., Chiero, V., Kriina, M., Alee, N.T., & Chauhan, K. (2022). Identifying the trend of persistent cluster of stunting, wasting, and underweight among children under five years in northeastern states of India. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101158
Soofi, SB, Ariff, S., Khan, G.N., Habib, A., Kureishy, S., Ihtesham, Y., … Bhutta, Z.A. (2022). Effectiveness of unconditional cash transfers combined with lipid-based nutrient supplement and/or behavior change communication to prevent stunting among children in Pakistan: a cluster randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 115(2), 492–502. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab341
stunting children - Search | ScienceDirect.com. (nd). Retrieved February 6, 2024, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/search?qs=stunting%20children
Taib, WRW, & Ismail, I. (2021). Evidence of stunting genes in Asian countries: A review. Meta Gene, 30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100970
Tamir, TT, Techane, MA, Dessie, MT, & Atalell, KA (2022). Applied nutritional investigation spatial variation and determinants of stunting among children aged less than 5 years in Ethiopia: A spatial and multilevel analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2019. Nutrition, 103–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111786
Udjaja, Y., Rumagit, RY, Gazali, W., & Deni, J. (2021). Healthy Elder: Brain Stimulation Game for the Elderly to Reduce the Risk of Dementia. Procedia Computer Science, 179, 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.12.013
Wardoyo, S., Nurjazuli, N., & Darundiati, YH (2022). Lead exposure and stunting incidents in children aged 3–5 years in Pontianak City, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Toxicologie Analytique et Clinique, 34(2), 111–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxac.2022.02.006
Welis, W., Darni, Khairuddin, Rifki, MS, & Chaeroni, A. (2022). Effect of Stunting Handling and Physical Activity on Motor Ability and Concentration of School Children. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(5), 1040–1046. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100522
Yendrizal, Kiram, Y., Yenes, R., Komaini, A., Ihsan, N., & Mario, D.T. (2023). Effect of weight training and motor skills on muscle strength: A factorial experimental design. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 23(6), 1416–1424. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2023.06173
Yuan, X., Zhong, X., Wang, C., Dai, Y., Yang, Y., & Jiang, C. (2023). Temporo-Parietal cortex activation during motor imagery in older adults: A case study of Baduanjin. Brain and Cognition, 173(November), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106103
Zeng, N., Ayyub, M., Sun, H., Wen, X., Xiang, P., & Gao, Z. (2017). Effects of physical activity on motor skills and cognitive development in early childhood: A systematic review. BioMed Research International, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2760716
Zhou, L., Liang, W., He, Y., Duan, Y., Rhodes, R.E., Lippke, S., … Liu, Q. (2023). A school-family blended multi-component physical activity program for Fundamental Motor Skills Promotion Program for Obese Children (FMSPPOC): protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 369. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12889-023-15210-Z
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
