Desbloquear el bienestar: el impacto integral de los programas de ejercicio comunitarios en los adultos mayores (Unlocking wellness: the comprehensive impact of community-based exercise programs on older adults)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v60.106846Palabras clave:
Self Efficacy, Self-Assessment, Social Interaction, Physical Fitness, Exercise Therapy, Exercise, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Self-Control, Electronics, HabitsResumen
Introducción: Se ha demostrado que los programas de ejercicio basados en la comunidad mejoran significativamente la salud física, la función cognitiva y el bienestar emocional en los adultos mayores. Sin embargo, los factores que influyen en los diferentes niveles de beneficio entre los participantes y los desafíos que enfrentan para mantener la participación siguen siendo poco explorados. Objetivo: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo explorar los impactos multifacéticos de un programa de ejercicio basado en la comunidad en adultos mayores, centrándose en sus experiencias físicas, psicológicas y sociales. Método: Se empleó un diseño de estudio cualitativo, utilizando el análisis temático para identificar temas y subtemas de las experiencias de los participantes. Los datos se recopilaron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, grupos focales y observaciones de los participantes. Los participantes incluyeron 45 adultos mayores de 60 años o más que habían estado en el programa durante al menos tres meses. Resultado: El análisis reveló varios temas clave: Mejora de la función física (mayor movilidad, fuerza, equilibrio y resistencia), Mejora de la autoeficacia en el ejercicio (confianza en las capacidades físicas, actitud positiva hacia el ejercicio, autogestión de la salud), Beneficios sociales y emocionales (conexiones sociales, apoyo emocional, motivación a partir de dinámicas de grupo, reducción de la soledad), Beneficios psicológicos y cognitivos (mayor estado de alerta mental, reducción del estrés, mejor estado de ánimo), Superación de los desafíos iniciales (barreras físicas, dudas psicológicas, adaptación a nuevas rutinas), Compromiso a largo plazo y cambio de comportamiento (participación continua, desarrollo de hábitos saludables, mayor conciencia de la salud) y Diseño del programa y papel de los facilitadores (ejercicios personalizados, influencia positiva de los instructores, accesibilidad del programa). Conclusión: Los programas de ejercicio basados en la comunidad ofrecen beneficios multifacéticos para los adultos mayores, incluidas mejoras físicas, psicológicas y sociales. Estos hallazgos subrayan la necesidad de enfoques personalizados y sistemas de apoyo mejorados para maximizar los beneficios y garantizar un compromiso sostenido.
Palabras clave: Adultos mayores, ejercicio en la comunidad, salud física, bienestar psicológico, interacción social
Abstract. Introduction: Community-based exercise programs have been shown to significantly improve physical health, cognitive function, and emotional well-being in older adults. However, the factors influencing varying levels of benefit among participants and the challenges they face in maintaining participation remain underexplored. Aim: This study aimed to explore the multifaceted impacts of a community-based exercise program on older adults, focusing on their physical, psychological, and social experiences. Method: A qualitative study design was employed, utilizing thematic analysis to identify themes and sub-themes from participant experiences. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus groups, and participant observations. Participants included 45 older adults aged 60 years and above who had been in the program for at least three months. Result: The analysis revealed several key themes: Improvement in Physical Function (increased mobility, strength, balance, and endurance), Enhanced Exercise Self-Efficacy (confidence in physical abilities, positive attitude toward exercise, self-management of health), Social and Emotional Benefits (social connections, emotional support, motivation from group dynamics, reduced loneliness), Psychological and Cognitive Benefits (increased mental alertness, stress reduction, improved mood), Overcoming Initial Challenges (physical barriers, psychological hesitations, adapting to new routines), Long-Term Commitment and Behavior Change (continued participation, development of healthy habits, increased awareness of health), and Program Design and Facilitators' Role (tailored exercises, positive influence of instructors, accessibility of the program). Conclusion: Community-based exercise programs offer multifaceted benefits for older adults, including physical, psychological, and social improvements. These findings underscore the need for personalized approaches and enhanced support systems to maximize benefits and ensure sustained engagement.
Keywords: Older Adults, Community-Based Exercise, Physical Health, Psychological Well-Being, Social Interaction
Citas
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