Evidencias de validez de escalas de medida de desarrollo afectivo-social y democratización en competiciones deportivas juveniles (Validity evidence of measurement scales of socio-affective development and democratization in youth sporting competitions)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v55.103348Palabras clave:
Pedagogía, competición, deporte, niños, adolescentes, estudios de validaciónResumen
La competición deportiva puede ser positiva o negativa, dependiendo de cómo esté formateada. En este sentido, el objetivo de esta investigación fue demostrar las primeras evidencias de validez de dos escalas de medición para el desarrollo de contenidos pedagógicos en competiciones deportivas juveniles. Se trata de Desarrollo Afectivo-Social y Democratización – ambas escalas integran la Batería de Pruebas Gonçalves-Balbinotti para Favorecer el Desarrollo de Contenidos Pedagógicos en el Deporte Juvenil. Una muestra de 210 entrenadores deportivos de 20 a 75 años, de ambos sexos, respondieron a las escalas para estimar sus estructuras internas y consistencias, además de comprobar su estabilidad. Las dos escalas presentaron estructuras limpias, compuestas por dos factores, con saturaciones significativas (Satf > .40) y explicando respectivamente el 72,76% y el 66,82% de la varianza total de los constructos. Los resultados en cuanto al ajuste del modelo fueron, en general, satisfactorios. Los resultados del estudio de consistencia interna (.833 < α < .911 para los factores; αAS = .936; αDe = .915) aseguran la precisión de las mediciones y la confiabilidad de su utilización para los objetivos propuestos. Los resultados responden a los objetivos centrales y específicos de la investigación e indican la posibilidad de utilizar con seguridad las dos escalas, ya sea en la evaluación de eventos competitivos y la consiguiente selección de aquellos más adecuados a los objetivos del practicante, o en la evaluación y desarrollo de nuevos formatos de competición.
Palabras-clave: Pedagogía, competición, deporte, niños, adolescentes, estudios de validación.
Abstract. Sports competition can be either positive or negative, depending on how it is designed. In this sense, the objective of this research was to demonstrate the first evidence of validity of two measurement scales for the development of pedagogical content in youth sports competitions. They are Affective-Social Development and Democratization – both part of the Battery of Tests Gonçalves-Balbinotti of Pedagogical Contents’ Development Support in Youth Sport. A sample of 210 sports coaches aged 20 to 75, of both sexes, responded to the scales in order to estimate their internal structures and consistencies, in addition to testing their stability. The two scales presented clean structures, composed of two factors, with significant saturations (Satf > .40) and respectively explaining 72.76% and 66.82% of the total variance of the constructs. The results regarding model adjustment were, in general, satisfactory. The results of the internal consistency study (.833 < α < .911 for the factors; αAS = .936; αDe = .915) ensure the precision of the measurements and the reliability of their use for the proposed objectives. The results respond to the central and specific objectives of the research and indicate the possibility of safely using the two scales, whether in the evaluation of competitive events and the consequent selection of those most suited to the practitioner's objectives, or in the evaluation and development of new competition formats.
Keywords: Pedagogy, competition, sport, children, adolescents, validation studies.
Citas
Arena S., & Böhme, M. (2004). Federações esportivas e organização de competições para jovens. Revista Brasileira de Ciências e Movimento, 12(4), 45-50. Recuperado de https://portalrevistas.ucb.br/index.php/RBCM/article/view/585
Balbinotti, M. A. A. (2005). Para se avaliar o que se espera: reflexões acerca da validade dos testes psicológicos. Aletheia, 1(21), 43-52. Recuperado de http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/aletheia/n21/n21a05.pdf
Barbanti, V. (2006). O que é esporte? Revista Brasileira de Atividade Física & Saúde, 11(1), 54-58. https://doi.org/10.12820/rbafs.v.11n1p54-58
Baumeister, R., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497
Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. (2ª ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Burton, D., Gillham, A. D., & Hammermeister, J. (2011). Competitive engineering: Structural climate modifications to enhance youth athletes' competitive experience. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 6(2), 201-217. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.6.2.201
Carron, A. V., Brawley, L. R., & Widmeyer, W. N. (1998). The measurement of cohesiveness in sport groups. In J. L. Duda (Ed.), Advances in sport and exercise psychology measurement (pp. 213-226). Morgantown: Fitness Information Technology.
Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The Development of an Instrument to Assess Cohesion in Sport Teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7, 244-266. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.7.3.244
Chen, M., Chen, H., Wu, Y., Yang, R., Guo, C., Zhao, M., ... Zang, S. (2023). Development and validation of the Perceived Benefits of Team-Interaction Training Questionnaire (PBTITQ) among undergraduates. BMC Medical Education, 23, 840. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-023-04810-3
Choi, H. S., Johnson, B., & Kim, Y. K. (2014). Children’s development through sports competition: Derivative, adjustive, generative, and maladaptive approaches. Quest, 66(2), 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2013.861757
Corbière, M., & Larivière, N. (2014). Méthodes qualitatives, quantitatives et mixtes: Dans la recherche en sciences humaines, sociales et de la santé. Presses de l'Université du Québec. Kindle Edition.
Côté, J. & Hancock, D. (2014). Evidence-based policies for youth sport. International Journal of Sport Policy, 8(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/19406940.2014.919338
Cronbach, L. J., & Shavelson, R. J. (2004). My current thoughts on coefficient alpha and successor procedures. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64(3), 391-418. https://doi.org/10.1177/00131644042663
Dassa, C. (1999). Analyze multidimensionnelle exploratoire et confirmative. Montreal: Université de Montreal.
De Souza, I. S., Vicentini, L., & Marques, R. F. R. (2020). As Múltiplas Facetas da Participação Esportiva: Contribuições de Jean Côté e Colaboradores. Quaderns de Psicologia, 22(3), e1547-e1547. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/qpsicologia.1547
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2007). Active Human Nature: Self-Determination Theory and the Promotion and Maintenance of Sport, Exercise, and Health. In M. S. Hagger, & N. L. D. Chatzisarantis (Eds.), Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Exercise and Sport (pp. 1-19). Leeds: Human Kinetics Europe Ltd.
Estabrooks, P. A., & Carron, A. V. (2000). The Physical Activity Group Environment Questionnaire: An instrument for the assessment of cohesion in exercise classes. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4(3), 230–243. https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2699.4.3.230
Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2017). Program FACTOR at 10: Origins, development and future directions. Psicothema, 29(2), 236-240. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2016.304
Fleiss, J. L. (1971). Measuring nominal scale agreement among many raters. Psychological Bulletin, 76(5), 378-382. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0031619
Fleiss, J. L., & Cohen, J. (1973). The equivalence of weighted kappa and the intraclass correlation coefficient as measures of reliability. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 33, 613-619. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447303300309
Furr, R. M. (2021). Psychometrics: An Introduction. (4ª ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Gastin, P. B., Allan, M. D., Bellesini, K., & Spittle, M. (2017). Rule modification in junior sport: Does it create differences in player movement?. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 20(10), 937-942. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.02.009
Gómez Sánchez, V., Padial Ruz, R., Gentil Adarve, M., & Chacón Zagalaz, J. (2019). Implicaciones del Deporte Federado hacia la Empatía y Actitud a la Educación Física en Adolescentes (Implications of Federated Sports towards Empathy and Attitude to Physical Education in Adolescents). Retos, 36, 412–417. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v36i36.71582
Gonçalves, G. H. T, Balbinotti, M. A. A, Ginciene, G., Cardoso, M. F. S., Klering, R. T., & Balbinotti, C. A. A. (2019). Technical-Tactical Development: Validity Evidence of Measurement Scales for Pedagogical Contents in Sports. Journal of Physical Education, 30, e3060. https://doi.org/10.4025/jphyseduc.v30i1.3060
Gonçalves, G. H. T., & Balbinotti, M. A. A. (2016). Bateria de Testes Gonçalves-Balbinotti de Favorecimento ao Desenvolvimento de Conteúdos Pedagógicos no Esporte Infantojuvenil (BTGB-CP). Porto Alegre: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.
Gonçalves, G. H. T., Balbinotti, M. A. A., Bulso, R. V., Klering, R. T., & Balbinotti, C. A. A. (2020). Conteúdos pedagógicos do esporte: uma revisão integrativa sobre instrumentos de medida. Saúde e Desenvolvimento Humano, 8(1), 141-152. http://dx.doi.org/10.18316/sdh.v8i1.6090
Gonçalves, G. H. T., Balbinotti, M. A. A., Ginciene, G., Brasil, V. Z., Klering, R. T., & Balbinotti, C. A. A. (2023). Validity evidences of two Sports-Pedagogy-related scales: socioeducational and autonomy development in youth sports. Revista Brasileira de Cineantropometria e Desempenho Humano, 25, e90232. https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-0037.2023v25e90232
Gwet, K. L. (2014). Handbook of Inter-Rater Reliability. (4ª ed.). Gaithersburg: Advanced Analytics, LLC.
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2018). Multivariate Data Analysis. (8ª ed.). Andover: Cengage Learning EMEA.
Holgado–Tello, F., Chacón–Moscoso, S., Barbero–García, I., & Vila–Abad, E. (2010). Polychoric versus Pearson correlations in exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis of ordinal variables. Quality & Quantity, 44(1), 153-166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11135-008-9190-y
Estes, C. A., & Kanters, M. (2002). Parents and youth sports. Parks & Recreation, 37, 12-20.
Kline, R. B. (2023). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. (5ª ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Lauer, L., Gould, D., Roman, N., & Pierce, M. (2010). Parental behaviors that affect junior tennis player development. Psychology of sport and exercise, 11(6), 487-496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.06.008
Leonardo, L., & Scaglia, A. J. (2018). A avaliação de competições esportivas de jovens: definição de categorias e aplicações ao handebol. Movimento, 24, 875-888. https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.83620
Leonardo, L., & Scaglia, A. J. (2022). Esportividade, jogabilidade e trapaça: Tensões ao valor da regra e suas implicações à Pedagogia do Esporte na gestão do treino e da competição na infância. FairPlay, Revista de Filosofia, Ética y Derecho del Deporte, 22, 45-74. Recuperado de https://raco.cat/index.php/FairPlay/article/view/406098.
Leonardo, L., Galatti, L. R., & Scaglia, A. J. (2017). Disposições preliminares sobre um modelo de participação competitiva para jovens e o papel do treinador. In: Gonzalez, R. H., Machado, M. M. T. (Org.). Pedagogia do esporte: novas tendências. (1ed). (pp. 303-328). Fortaleza: Universidade Federal do Ceará.
Leonardo, L., Lizana, C. J. R., Krahenbühl, T., & Scaglia, A. J. (2018). O efeito da idade relativa influencia o tempo de participação competitiva de atletas de handebol do sexo masculino com até 13 anos de idade (Relative age effect affects the time of competitive participation in male handball athletes aged up to 13 years). Retos, 33, 195–198. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i33.56731
Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P. J. (2006). Factor: A computer program to fit the exploratory factor analysis model. Behavior Research Methods, 38(1), 88-91. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192753
Marques, A. T. (2004). Fazer da Competição dos mais Jovens um Modelo de Formação e Educação. In Gaya, A., Marques, A., Tani, G. (Org.) Desporto para Crianças e Jovens. Razões e Finalidades. (pp. 75-96). Porto Alegre: Editora da Ufrgs.
Marques, A. T., & Oliveira, J. (2002). O treino e a competição dos mais jovens: rendimento versus saúde. In Barbanti, V. J. Esporte e Atividade Física: Interação entre rendimento e qualidade de vida. (pp. 51-73). São Paulo:Manole.
Martens R. (1975). Social psychology and physical activity. (1ª ed.). New York: Harper and Row.
Milistetd, M., Nascimento, J. V., Silveira, J., & Fusverki, D. (2014). Análise da organização competitiva de crianças e jovens: adaptações estruturais e funcionais. Revista Brasileira de Ciências do Esporte, 36(3), 671-678. https://doi.org/10.1590/2179-325520143630012
Muthén, B., & Kaplan, D. (1985). A comparison of some methodologies for the factor analysis of non-normal Likert variables. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38, 171-189. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8317.1985.tb00832.x
Osborne, J. W. (2015). What is Rotating in Exploratory Factor Analysis? Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 20(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.7275/hb2g-m060
Rochette, S., & Balbinotti, M. A. A. (2016). Guidelines for using exploratory factor analysis to test construct validity of inventories in sports research. American Journal of Sports Training, 1(3).
Scaglia, A. J., Reverdito, R., Leonardo, L., & Lizana, C. (2013). O Ensino dos Jogos Esportivos Coletivos: As competências essenciais e a lógica do jogo em meio ao processo de organizacional sistêmico. Movimento, 19(4), 227–249. https://doi.org/10.22456/1982-8918.37893
Sheldon, K. M., & Filak, V. (2008). Manipulating autonomy, competence, and relatedness support in a game-learning context: new evidence that all three needs matter. The British journal of social psychology, 47(Pt 2), 267–283. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466607X238797
Sheldon, K. M., Elliot, A. J., Kim, Y., & Kasser, T. (2001). What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidate psychological needs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80(2), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.80.2.325
Timmerman, M. E., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2011). Dimensionality Assessment of Ordered Polytomous Items With Parallel Analysis. Psychological Methods, 16(2), 209-220.
Turnnidge, J., & Côté, J. (2018). Applying transformational leadership theory to coaching research in youth sport: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16(3), 327-342. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2016.1189948
Vermeulen, J., & Verweel, P. (2009). Participation in sport: bonding and bridging as identity work. Sport in Society: Cultures, Commerce, Media, Politics, 12(9), 1206-1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17430430903137886
Descargas
Publicado
Cómo citar
Número
Sección
Licencia
Derechos de autor 2024 Retos
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores que publican en esta revista están de acuerdo con los siguientes términos:
- Los autores conservan los derechos de autor y garantizan a la revista el derecho de ser la primera publicación de su obra, el cuál estará simultáneamente sujeto a la licencia de reconocimiento de Creative Commons que permite a terceros compartir la obra siempre que se indique su autor y su primera publicación esta revista.
- Los autores pueden establecer por separado acuerdos adicionales para la distribución no exclusiva de la versión de la obra publicada en la revista (por ejemplo, situarlo en un repositorio institucional o publicarlo en un libro), con un reconocimiento de su publicación inicial en esta revista.
- Se permite y se anima a los autores a difundir sus trabajos electrónicamente (por ejemplo, en repositorios institucionales o en su propio sitio web) antes y durante el proceso de envío, ya que puede dar lugar a intercambios productivos, así como a una citación más temprana y mayor de los trabajos publicados (Véase The Effect of Open Access) (en inglés).
Esta revista sigue la "open access policy" de BOAI (1), apoyando los derechos de los usuarios a "leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos".
(1) http://legacy.earlham.edu/~peters/fos/boaifaq.htm#openaccess
