Kant y el Mediterráneo: una nueva visión de la política Euromediterránea
Palabras clave:
Unión Europea, partenariado euromediterráneo, cooperación regional, democraciaResumen
Revista CIDOB d’Afers Internacionals, nº 56
Cuatrimestral (2001)
ISSN:1133-6595 | E-ISSN:2013-035X
La política mediterránea de la Unión Europea (UE) se encuentra en crisis. Cada vez más expertos subrayan la importancia de la correlación de los tres pilares (económico, político y social) de la Declaración de Barcelona. Hasta ahora estas tres cestas han sido tratadas exclusivamente por separado. En este trabajo se analiza la relación y causalidad que existe entre estos tres pilares y la estrategia que persigue la UE frente a los llama-dos Países Mediterráneos No Comunitarios (PMNC). Basándose en una síntesis de los conceptos de la “Pazperpetua” de Kant y de la “Comunidad de seguridad” de K. W. Deutsch, se concluye que la introducción de la democracia en los PMNC es el elemento clave para el futuro de la Asociación Euromediterránea y que, por tanto, la política comunitaria tiene que poner más énfasis en el desarrollo de las reglas democráticas en la zona para convertirse en un proyecto con futuro y éxito.
Citas
BARKEY, Henri “Can the Middle East Compete?” In: DIAMOND, Larry / PLATTNER, Marc F. (Eds.),1995, p. 167-181.
BAYLIS, John / SMITH, Steve The Globalisation of World Politics. An Introduction to InternationalRelations. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997.
BEN NÉFISSA, Sarah “NGOs, Governance and Development in the Arab World”. Management ofSocial Transformation (MOST). Discussion Paper nº 46, 2000
BHAGWATI, Jagdish W. “Democracy and Development: New Thinking on an Old Question”. In: (Ibídem)A Stream of Windows. Unsettling Reflections on Trade, Immigration and Democracy. Cambridge: MITPress, 1998, p. 379-407.
BLISS, Harry / RUSSETT, Bruce. “Democracy and Trade: Ties of Interest and Community”. In: GEE-RAERTS, Gustaf / STOUTHUYSEN (Eds.), 1999, p. 75-90.
BRUMBERG, Daniel. “Authoritarian Legacies and Reform Strategies in the Arab World”. En: BRYNEN,et. al. (Eds.), 1995, p. 229-259.
BRYNEN, Rex / KORANY, Bahgat / NOBLE, Paul (Eds.) “Political Liberalisation and Democratisation”.In: The Arab World. Volume 1. Theoretical Perspectives. London: Boulder, 1995.
CHOUROU, Béchir. “Redefining Mediterranean Security: A View From the South”. In: MARQUINA,Antonio (Ed.) 1998, p. 275-294.
CIOFFI-REVILLA, Claudio / MERRITT, Richard L. / ZINNES, Dina A. (Eds.) Communication and Interactionin Global Politics. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1987.
DEUTSCH, Karl W. Political Community at the International Level: Problems of Definition and Measurement. Garden City, NY.: Doubleday, 1954.
DEUTSCH, Karl W. / BURRELL, S.A. / KANN, R.A. / LEE Jr., M. / LICHTERMAN, M. / LINDGREN,R.E. / LOEWENHEIM, F.L. / VAN WAGENEN R.W. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area:International Organisation in the Light of Historical Experience. Princeton, NJ: Princeton UniversityPress, 1957.
DIAMOND, Larry / PLATTNER, Marc F. (Eds.) Economic reforms and democracy. Baltimore: JohnHopkins University Press, 1995.
DOYLE, Michael D. “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs”, part 1. In: Philosophy and PublicAffairs. Vol. 12. No. 3, (1983a) p. 205-235.
DOYLE, Michael D. “Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs”, part 2. In: Philosophy and Public Affairs. Vol. 12. No. 4, (1983b), p. 323-353.
FUKUYAMA, Francis Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. London: Penguin Books, 1995.
FUKUYAMA, Francis. “The End of History”. In: The National Interest. No. 16 (1989), p. 3-18.
GEERAERTS, Gustaaf / STOUTHUYSEN, Patrick (Eds.) Democratic Peace for Europe. Myth or Reality.Brussels: VUB University Press, 1999.
GILLESPIE, Richard. “Northern European Perceptions of the Barcelona Process”. En: Revista CIDOBd’Afers Internacionals. Nº 37 (1997), p. 65-75
GLEDITSCH, Kristian S. Peace has its Victories, no less Renowned than War: A Local InteractionApproach to Regional Conflict, Integration, and Democratisation. A thesis submitted to Departmentof Political Science, University of Colorado, 1999
HUNTINGTON, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies.New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.IBRAHIM, Saad E. “Civil Society and Prospects of Democratization in the Arab World”. In: NORTON,Augustus R. (Ed.) 1995, pp. 27 - 54.
JERCH, Martin Democracia, Desarrollo y Paz en el Mediterráneo. Un análisis crítico de las relacionesEuromediterráneas. Tesis Doctoral. Doctorado de Estudios Internacionales Mediterráneos, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (en preparación).
KAMRAVA, Mehran “Non-democratic states and political liberalisation in the Middle East: a structuralanalysis”. In: Third World Quarterly. Vol. 19. No. 1, 1998, p. 63-85.
KANT, Immanuel (1795): Zum ewigen Frieden. Ein philosophischer Entwurf. – Stuttgart: Reclam, 1993,ed. by Rudolf Malter.KIENLE, Eberhard “Destabilisation through Partnership? Euro-Mediterranean Relations after the Barcelona Declaration”. In: Mediterranean Politics. Vol. 3. No. 2, (autum 1998), p. 1-20.
KIENLE, Eberhard (Ed.) Contemporary Syria. Liberalisation between Cold War and Cold Peace. lon-don: British Academic Press, 1994.
LAYNE, Christoper. “Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace”. In: International Security. Vol.19. No. 2 (Fall 1994), p. 5-49.
MARQUINA, Antonio (Ed.) Perceptions mutuelles dans la Méditerranée. Unité et diversité. Madrid:UNISCI, 1998 (Collection STRADMED).
MARTÍN MUÑOZ, Gema El Estado Árabe. Crisis de legitimidad y contestación islamista. Barcelona:Ediciones bellaterra, 1999
MORROW, James D. / SIVERSON, Randolph M. / TABARES, Tressa E. “The Political Determinantsof International Trade: The Major Powers, 1907-90”. In: American Political Science Review. Vol. 92.No. 3 (September 1998), p. 649-661.
MORROW, James D. / SIVERSON, Randolph M. / TABARES, Tressa E. “The Wage of Peace. Trade,Democracy, Interests and International Conflict among the Major Powers, 1907-1965”. In: GEERA-ERTS, G. / STOUTHUYSEN, P. (Eds.) 1999, p. 91-105.
NELSON, Michael A. / SINGH, Ram D. “Democracy, Economic Freedom, Fiscal Policy, and Growth”.In DCs: A Fresh Look, in: Economic Development and Cultural Change. Vol. 46. No. 4, (Julio 1998),p. 677-696.
NORTON, Augustus R. (Ed.) Civil Society in the Middle East. Leiden: E.J. Brill, Volume 1 1995. ONEAL, John R. / Russett, Bruce. “The Kantian Peace. The Pacific Benefits of Democracy, Interdependence,and International Organization, 1885-1992”. In: World Politics. Vol. 52 (october 1999), p. 1-37.
OREN, IDO “The Subjectivity of the ‘Democratic’ Peace: Changing U.S. Perception of Imperial Germany”.In: International Security. Vol. 22. No. 3, (Winter 1995), p. 147-184.
PRZEWORSKI, Adam / LIMONGI, Fernando. “Political Regimes and Economic Growth”. En: Journalof Economic Perspectives. Vol. 7. No. 3 (Summer 1993), p.51-69.
PERTHES, Volker. “Der Mittelmeerraum, der nahöstliche Friedensprozess und die Europäische Union:Die Suche nach einer politischen Rolle“. In: ZIPPEL, Wulfdiether (Ed.) (1999), p. 173 -184.
PERTHES, Volker / KÜBEL, Heidi. Sozioökonomische und politische Herausforderungen im südlichenMittelmeerraum: eine Bestandsaufnahme. - Ebenhausen: Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 1997 (AP 3048).
RICHARDS, Alan / WATERBURY, John. A Political Economy of the Middle East. - 2nd edition. Boulder:Westview Press, 1996.
RUSSETT, Bruce. Grasping the Democratic Peace. Principles for a Post-Cold War World. Princeton,N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1993.
SALAMÉ, Ghassan (Ed.) Democracy without Democrats? The renewal of politics in the Muslim World.London: I.B. Tauris, 1994.SALAMÉ, Ghassan. “Intoduction: Where are the Democrtas?” In: SALAMÉ, G. (Ed.) (1994), p. 1-20.
SAVAGE, I. Richard / Deutsch, Karl W. “A Statistical Model of the Gross Analysis of Transaction Flows”.In: Econometrica. Vol. 28. No. 3, Julio 1960, p. 551-572.
SIROWY, L. / Inkeles, A. “The Effects of Democracy on Economic Growth and Inequality: A Review”.In: Studies in Comparative International Development. Vol. 25, 1993, p. 126-157.
SIVAN, Emmanuel. “Constraints & Opportunities in the Arab World”. In: Journal of Democracy. Vol. 8,No. 2, (april 1997), p. 103-113.
SPIRO, David E. “The Insignificance of the Liberal Peace”. In: International Security. Vol. 19. No. 2,(Fall) 1994, p. 50-86.
SULLIVAN, Denis J. “NGOs and Development in the Arab World: The Critical Importance of a StrongPartnership Between Government and Civil Society”. In: Civil Society and Democratisation in the ArabWorld. Ibn Khaldun Center, Cairo.- Vol. 9. No. 102, 2000 (Edición Internet).
TÖRNQUIST, Olle Politics and Development. A critical Introduction. London: Sage, 1999.
ZINNES, Dina A. / MUNCASTER, Robert G. “Transaction Flows and Integrative Processes”. In: CIOF-FI-REVILLA, C. / et.al. (Eds.) (1987), p. 23-48.
ZIPPEL, Wulfdieter (Ed.) Die Mittelmeerpolitik der EU. Baden-Baden: Nomos, 1999.
