Comparación entre el pensamiento visual y el aula invertida en la enseñanza de las relaciones internacionales

Contenido principal del artículo

Andrea Betti
Pablo Biderbost
Esther Vaquero Lafuente

Resumen

Los avances en la innovación docente han experimentado recientemente un notable impulso hacia formatos capaces de incrementar y mejorar el aprendizaje activo del estudiantado. Una amplia variedad de formatos de enseñanza basados en este concepto se ha implementado en diversas disciplinas universitarias, desde las ciencias naturales hasta las ciencias sociales. La mayoría de los análisis empíricos se han centrado hasta ahora en comparar los efectos de los formatos de enseñanza tradicionales y activos sobre el rendimiento académico del alumnado. Esto ha permitido ampliar el conocimiento científico sobre los beneficios y limitaciones de los distintos formatos de enseñanza.
No obstante, contrastar los formatos tradicionales de clase magistral con enfoques basados en actividades orientadas al aprendizaje activo conlleva el riesgo de generar dicotomías simplistas y poco útiles entre la instrucción «tradicional» y la «activa». En este artículo seguimos una estrategia distinta. Mediante el uso de pruebas no paramétricas, comparamos dos formatos de enseñanza basados en dos estrategias diferentes de aprendizaje activo: el aula invertida (flipped classroom) y el pensamiento visual (visual thinking).
Se comparan los resultados de los dos grupos, integrados por estudiantes de grado matriculados en un doble programa en Relaciones Internacionales y Comunicación Global, tanto en términos de rendimiento académico —es decir, sus calificaciones— como en un conjunto de habilidades blandas, tales como la percepción del aprendizaje, la autoeficacia y el trabajo en equipo. El estudio detecta un efecto relevante en las calificaciones, ya que el estudiantado que siguió el formato de aula invertida obtiene resultados superiores a quienes fueron enseñados mediante el formato de pensamiento visual. Por otro lado, el estudio identifica únicamente un efecto significativo en la habilidad blanda de percepción del aprendizaje, con puntuaciones más altas entre el estudiantado del formato de aula invertida en comparación con el del formato de pensamiento visual.
Si bien esto no indica necesariamente que los formatos de aula invertida sean más eficaces que los de pensamiento visual, la diferencia observada en las calificaciones y en la percepción del aprendizaje puede señalar que distintos formatos de enseñanza pueden resultar, de manera diversa pero igualmente útil, adecuados según el objetivo o la necesidad docente.


Palabras clave: Aprendizaje activo, Relaciones Internacionales, Pensamiento Visual, Películas, Documentales, Clase Invertida, Educación superior.

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
Betti, A., Biderbost, P., & Vaquero Lafuente, E. (2026). Comparación entre el pensamiento visual y el aula invertida en la enseñanza de las relaciones internacionales. Revista De Educación, 412(412), 183–210. https://doi.org/10.4438/1988-592X-RE-2025-412-739
Sección
Investigaciones
Biografía del autor/a

Andrea Betti, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Facultad Ciencias Humanas y Sociales, Departamento de Relaciones Internacionales

Andrea Betti holds a Ph.D. in International Studies from the School of International Studies at the University of Trento. He holds a Bachelor's Degree in Political Science and a Master's Degree in International Relations from University of Bologna. He was Professor of International Relations Theory in various universities in Spain and Latin America, such as the Latin-American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO Ecuador, Quito). He completed several research fellowships at the University of Westminster (London) and at the University of California, in its Washington D.C. campus. His main research areas are International Relations Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis, especially applied to the United States, the United Kingdom, Spain, and Italy. In his research, he studies the interactions among national and international actors and factors – leaders, political parties, governments, international institutions, ideologies, and discourses – in the definition and implementation of foreign policy. For example, he investigated the impact of international ideas, such as the responsibility to protect (R2P), humanitarian intervention, and international justice, or the impact of national ideologies and discourses, such as populism, on foreign policymaking. Moreover, he conducts research on teaching innovation in Political Science and International Relations, for example by studying the impact of the Flipped Classroom or Visual Thinking through movies and documentaries in the teaching of International Relations. He is part of several research projects about Foreign Policy Analysis of Spain and Italy and about Teaching Innovation in International Relations. In his research, he mostly uses qualitative techniques, such as document analysis, discourse analysis, focus groups and interviews. Since 2016, he is Tenured Professor of International Relations Theory in the Department of International Relations of the Pontifical University Comillas.

Pablo Biderbost, Universidad de Salamanca, Departamento de Sociología

Associate Professor in the Department of Sociology and Communication at the University of Salamanca. Former Associate Professor in the Department of International Relations at the Universidad Pontificia Comillas. Former Director of the Bachelor's Degrees in International Relations, Global Communication and Translation and Interpreting at the Faculty of Human and Social Sciences. He was the Founding Partner of Biderbost, Boscán & Rochin (BB&R). He has been a consultant for the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, UNESCO, the European Union, USAID, EULAC Foundation, UNODC, UNDP, Global Compact and the International Organization for Migration. Member of the Council of Europe Expert Group on Anti-Corruption. PhD in Political Science (European mention), University of Salamanca. Master in Latin American Studies, University of Salamanca. Degree in Political Science, Catholic University of Cordoba. He has taught as guest and/or visiting professor at the University of Salamanca, Pontifical University of Salamanca, University of Girona, Rovira i Virgili University, Pompeu Fabra University, University of Tübingen, Autonomous University of Baja California, Catholic University of Cordoba, Argentine University of Business, Catholic University of Salta, Rafael Urdaneta University and the University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Western Switzerland. Researcher in the Ibero-American Migrations Group of the Institute of Ibero-American Studies of the University of Salamanca. He has been a visiting researcher at the Colegio de la Frontera Norte (Mexico) and at Nuffield College, Oxford University (UK). He has been a Scholar of the Swiss National Science Foundation. He is an external evaluator of research projects for Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique - FNRS (Belgium) and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Mexico). He is the author of books, book chapters, articles and technical reports on Latin American politics, public management, anti-corruption tools, social responsibility and the political dimension of migration processes.

Esther Vaquero Lafuente, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Departamento de Gestión Financiera, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales

Esther Vaquero studied at Universidad Pontificia Comillas where she graduated in Economics and Business Administration in 1995. Thanks to predoctoral scholarships (one from Universidad Pontificia Comillas and another one from Caja Madrid Foundation) she got her phD. Since 1999 she has been a lecturer at the Economics and Business Administration Faculty, where she has taught several courses within the Financial Management Department such as Introduction to the Stock Market, Corporate Finance, Financial Management and Portfolio Management both in pregraduated and postgraduated courses. She also has been in responsible for the Master in Auditing and Accountant EY-Comillas, as well as responsible of the curricular internship office at the Economics and Business Administration Faculty, Currently, she is the Director of the Sustainable Finance Observatory at Universidad Pontificia Comillas in collaboration with CaixaBank AM.