Depósitos de bloques en costas acantiladas del desierto de Atacama meridional como evidencia de múltiples impactos de tsunamis durante el Holoceno superior
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17735/cyg.v40i1-2.118696Palabras clave:
tsunami; depósito de bloques; acantilado; desierto de Atacama; ChileResumen
Este trabajo analiza un campo de bloques en la costa meridional del Desierto de Atacama (Chile), una región caracterizada por su alta sismicidad y potencial tsunamigénico. Se analizan ocho bloques de más de 250 kg situados sobre el techo de un acantilado, a alturas entre 5,5 y 8,2 m s.n.m., y hasta 25 m tierra adentro. Se aplicaron ecuaciones hidrodinámicas para reconstruir las características de la inundación marina de alta energía que lo generó. Los resultados indican que el campo de bloques se formó bajo velocidades de hasta 9 m/s y alturas de ola de, al menos, 6,5 m, lo que permite descartar las tormentas como posible proceso generador. El análisis geomorfológico revela una intensa erosión del techo del acantilado, colapsos gravitacionales y campos de bloques submarinos, lo que sugiere la acción de varios eventos marinos de alta energía y en diferentes etapas de este depósito costero. Aunque no se pudo datar directamente el momento del desplazamiento de los bloques, se compararon los parámetros inferidos con registros históricos y paleotsunamis para identificar posibles candidatos. Se concluye que el tsunami de 1922 (Mw ~8,3–8,6) pudo haber movilizado algunos bloques, pero la mayor parte del modelado del paisaje se atribuye a eventos más antiguos y de mayor capacidad destructiva, como los tsunamis de 1420 CE y 3800 AP (Mw >9). Este estudio propone un origen poligenético para el campo de bloques, resultado de múltiples tsunamis a lo largo del tiempo, y destaca la importancia de realizar análisis geomorfológicos de forma conjunta con la modelización hidrodinámica para evitar subestimar la magnitud de eventos pasados y mejorar la evaluación del riesgo en zonas costeras expuestas a tsunamis de gran magnitud y periodos de retorno de varios cientos de años.
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