El periodo húmedo africano y el arte rupestre sahariano
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17735/cyg.v40i1-2.118515Palabras clave:
cambio climático; Holoceno; Sáhara; arte rupestre; migraciones humanasResumen
El arte rupestre sahariano, desconocido por los europeos hasta mediados del s. XIX, constituye una prueba tangible del cambio climático que afectó en tiempos recientes a la zona actualmente ocupada por el desierto del Sáhara. En la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno, después de finalizar el último ciclo glacial, las variaciones orbitales reforzaron el monzón del verano en el norte de África, lo que produjo un desplazamiento de la ZCIT hacia el norte, aumentando la humedad y las precipitaciones en el Sáhara, con el consiguiente cambio en los ecosistemas. Posteriormente, hace unos 5000 años, la situación se invirtió, la ZCIT se desplazó hacia el sur y, como resultado, regresaron las condiciones desérticas al Sáhara. Aunque este último periodo húmedo del Sáhara (denominado Periodo Húmedo Africano) es el más conocido, la alternancia de aridez-humedad ya se había producido con anterioridad en numerosas ocasiones, probablemente desde el tránsito Mioceno-Plioceno. Los periodos húmedos, además de provocar la migración de las especies animales y vegetales, también favorecieron la dispersión de los homínidos hacia Asia y, desde ahí, al resto del planeta. Las pinturas y grabados rupestres realizados durante el último periodo húmedo reflejan no solo los cambios experimentados en la fauna, sino también algunos aspectos sociales e incluso individuales de los habitantes del Sáhara. La creciente aridez que se produjo al finalizar este periodo hizo que surgieran nuevos métodos de caza y algunos cambios sociales, como los ritos funerarios, dando lugar a construcciones parcialmente preservadas en la actualidad. El estudio de los yacimientos ya catalogados, y los continuos descubrimientos de otros nuevos, permitirían aumentar nuestro conocimiento sobre el Periodo Húmedo Africano. Sin embargo, además de por la propia fragilidad del arte rupestre, los avances se ven dificultados por la amplitud del territorio, la falta de infraestructuras y los problemas políticos y locales que impiden el acceso a algunas zonas.
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