Avances en el análisis del material leñoso en ríos: incorporación, transporte e influencia en el riesgo por inundaciones
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17735/cyg.v29i3-4.29773Palabras clave:
material leñoso, detritos leñosos, riesgo de inundación, avenidaResumen
El transporte y depósito de restos de vegetación en los ríos (troncos o árboles completos, ramas y raíces, material leñoso en general) puede agravar las consecuencias de los eventos de avenida e inundación e incrementar su peligrosidad potencial. Este material puede afectar especialmente a infraestructuras como drenajes, puentes, etc., que intersectan ríos en cuencas montañosas forestadas. Una práctica muy extendida y aceptada hasta hace pocos años ha sido la extracción sistemática de este material leñoso de los cauces como medida de prevención. Sin embargo, se ha demostrado que esta práctica puede resultar inútil (el material es transportado y depositado tras cada inundación), e incluso no beneficiosa para el equilibrio natural del sistema fluvial a largo plazo. Por lo tanto, es necesario gestionar la presencia del material leñoso en los ríos, e integrar su estudio en los análisis de peligrosidad y riesgo por inundación. Sin embargo, en España existen escasos trabajos en los que el material leñoso haya sido objetivo fundamental de estudio y, por tanto, tampoco existe demasiada bibliografía relacionada con esta temática. En este trabajo, se presenta una exhaustiva revisión de los principales métodos empleados para evaluar la peligrosidad de las avenidas e inundaciones que incorporan material leñoso. Asimismo, se propone una metodología integral para estudiar esta carga de detritos leñosos en ríos. En primer lugar, hay que caracterizar la dinámica de incorporación de este material a los cauces. Para ello, es necesario establecer las áreas contribuyentes que pueden aportar el material a los cursos de agua y los procesos que lo incorporan. De este modo, es posible estimar el volumen de madera potencialmente disponible, para lo cual se presenta un modelo numérico que permite la simulación del transporte de carga leñosa junto con la hidrodinámica. Asimismo, se analiza la incidencia de la carga flotante en la peligrosidad y el riesgo por inundaciones. Esta propuesta metodológica se ha puesto en práctica en diversos ríos de la Sierra de Gredos (Sistema Central), presentándose una síntesis de algunos de los resultados principales obtenidos. Como conclusión fundamental, se puede afirmar que una correcta gestión de los ríos requiere a su vez de una apropiada gestión de la vegetación de ribera y el material leñoso transportado y depositado en los mismos; y esta gestión debe encontrar el compromiso para mantener las buenas condiciones ecológicas, reduciendo en lo posible los potenciales riesgos.
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